Editing History of Morocco (section)

=== Opposition to European control ===
{{See also|French Morocco}}
[[File:Pacification.jpg|thumb|Map depicting the staged [[French conquest of Morocco|French pacification of Morocco]] through to 1934]]
Led by [[Abd el-Krim]], the independent [[Republic of the Rif]] existed from 1921 to 1926, based in the central part of the [[Rif]] (in the Spanish Protectorate), while also extending, for some months, to some parts of the tribal lands of the [[Ghomaras|Ghomara]], the Eastern Rif, Jbala, the [[Ouergha River|Ouergha valley]] and the north of [[Taza]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/R/E/REVISTAS_PDF635_1.pdf|first=Andrés|last=Sánchez Pérez|journal=Revista de Historia Militar|location=Madrid|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Spain)|Ministerio de Defensa]]|title=Adbelkrim|volume=XVII|year=1973|issue=34|page=123|issn=0482-5748}}</ref> After proclaiming independence on 18 September 1921, the polity developed state and governing institutions such as tax collection, law enforcement and the organisation of an army.<ref name=wolf>{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Anne |title=Morocco's Hirak movement and legacies of contention in the Rif |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |date=2 January 2019 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2018.1538188 |s2cid=149496054 }}</ref> However, since 1925 the Spanish and French troops managed to quell the resistance and Abd el-Krim surrendered in May 1926.<ref name=wolf />

In December 1934, a small group of nationalists, members of the newly formed ''Comité d'Action Marocaine'', or [[Moroccan Action Committee]] (CAM), proposed a [[Moroccan Plan of Reforms|Plan of Reforms]] that called for a return to indirect rule as envisaged by the Treaty of Fez, admission of Moroccans to government positions, and establishment of representative councils. CAM used petitions, newspaper editorials, and personal appeals to French officials to further its cause, but these proved inadequate, and the tensions created in the CAM by the failure of the plan caused it to split. The CAM was reconstituted as a nationalist political party to gain mass support for more radical demands, but the French suppressed the party in 1937.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Harold D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5r7znMj44YC&q=The+CAM+was+reconstituted+as+a+nationalist+political+party+to+gain+mass+support+for+more+radical+demands,+but+the+French+suppressed+the+party+in+1937&pg=PA56|title=Morocco, a Country Study|date=1985|publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:وثيقة الاستقلال 11 يناير 1944.jpg|thumb|The [[Proclamation of Independence of Morocco|Manifesto of Independence]] presented by the [[Istiqlal Party]] on 11 January 1944 established Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Muhammad V]] as a symbol of the nationalist struggle.]]
Nationalist political parties, which subsequently arose under the French protectorate, based their arguments for Moroccan independence on declarations such as the [[Atlantic Charter]], a joint United States-British statement that set forth, among other things, the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco (10/04)|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/morocco/47514.htm|website=U.S. Department of State|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> The French regime also faced the opposition of the tribes&nbsp;— when the Berber were required to come under the jurisdiction of French courts in 1930, it increased support for the independence movement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoffman |first1=Katherine E. |title=Berber Law by French Means: Customary Courts in the Moroccan Hinterlands, 1930–1956 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |date=October 2010 |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=851–880 |doi=10.1017/S0010417510000484 |jstor=40864899 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Many [[Moroccan Goumier]]s, or indigenous soldiers in the French army, assisted the Allies in both [[Allies of World War I|World War I]] and [[Allies of World War II|World War II]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maghraoui |first1=Driss |title=The goumiers in the Second World War: history and colonial representation |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |date=8 August 2014 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=571–586 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2014.948309 |s2cid=144080194 }}</ref> During World War II, the badly divided nationalist movement became more cohesive. However, the nationalists belief that an Allied victory would pave the way for independence was disappointed.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} In January 1944, the [[Istiqlal Party|Istiqlal (Independence) Party]], which subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement, released a [[Proclamation of Independence of Morocco|manifesto demanding full independence]], national reunification, and a democratic constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National celebrations |url=https://www.moroccoinaustralia.com/national-celebrations |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Moroccoinaustralia |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404233012/https://www.moroccoinaustralia.com/national-celebrations |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Muhammad V]] (1927–1961) had approved the manifesto before its submission to the French resident general, who answered that no basic change in the protectorate status was being considered.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} The general sympathy of the sultan for the nationalists became evident by the end of the war, although he still hoped to see complete independence achieved gradually. On 10 April 1947, in spite of a [[1947 Casablanca massacre|massacre]] instigated by French forces in Casablanca,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1947 French massacre in Casablanca |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/video/1947-french-massacre-casablanca |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref> Sultan Muhammad V delivered a momentous [[Tangier Speech|speech in Tangier]] appealing for independence and territorial unity of Morocco, having travelled from [[French protectorate in Morocco|French Morocco]] and through [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Spanish Morocco]] to reach the [[Tangier International Zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hespress.com/histoire/85477.html|title=زيارة محمد الخامس لطنجة.. أغضبت فرنسا وأشعلت المقاومة|website=Hespress|date=31 July 2013 |language=ar|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hekking |first=Morgan |title=Remembering King Mohammed V, Morocco's Revolutionary Monarch |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/05/301546/remembering-king-mohammed-v-moroccos-revolutionary-monarch |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> The ''résidence'', supported by French economic interests and vigorously backed by most of the ''colons'', adamantly refused to consider even reforms short of independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |title=A History of Modern Morocco |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-81070-8 |location=Cambridge |chapter=Framing the Nation (1930–1961)}}</ref>

Although [[Zionism in Morocco]] dates back to the early 20th century, the significant [[Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel|emigration]] of [[Moroccan Jews]] only began after the [[establishment of the State of Israel]] in the [[1948 Palestine war]].<ref name=":92">{{Cite book |last=Baida |first=Jamaa |title=معلمة المغرب |title-link=Ma'lamat al-Maghrib |year=1989 |pages=5572–5574 |language=ar |trans-title=Ma'lamat al-Maghrib |chapter=الصهيونية والمغرب |trans-chapter=Zionism and Morocco}}</ref> This emigration was organized and facilitated by Zionist groups from outside of Morocco;<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Laskier |first=Michael M. |date=1985-03-01 |title=Zionism and the Jewish communities of Morocco: 1956–1962 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13531048508575875 |journal=Studies in Zionism |volume=6 |pages=119–138 |doi=10.1080/13531048508575875 |issn=0334-1771}}</ref> about 60,000 migrated through ''[[Cadima]]'' (1949–1956)<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Cadima (Morocco) |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EJIO/SIM-0004780.xml |language=en |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0004780 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=referenceworks}}</ref> and about 90,000 in [[Operation Yachin]] (1961–1964).<ref name="Moreno-20202">{{Cite journal |last=Moreno |first=Aviad |date=February 2020 |title=Beyond the Nation-State: A Network Analysis of Jewish Emigration from Northern Morocco to Israel |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743819000916/type/journal_article |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1017/S0020743819000916 |issn=0020-7438 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>[[File:1955-07-21 Morocco Riots Terror Mounts In Revolt Of Arabs.ogv|thumb|Morocco riots overrun Casablanca due to discontent with French rule. [[Universal Newsreel]], 21 July 1955]]In December 1952, a riot broke out in Casablanca over the assassination of the Tunisian labour leader [[Farhat Hached]]; this event marked a watershed in relations between Moroccan political parties and French authorities. In the aftermath of the rioting, the residency outlawed the new [[Moroccan Communist Party]] and the [[Istiqlal Party]].<ref name="LOCprof">Text used in this cited section originally came from: [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Morocco.pdf Morocco profile] from the [[Library of Congress Country Studies]] project.</ref>

France's exile of the highly respected [[Sultan Mohammed V]] to [[Madagascar]] on [[Eid al-Adha]] of 1953,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasraoui |first=Safaa |title=Independence Proclamation: The Ongoing Legacy of Moroccan Nationalism |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/01/353472/independence-proclamation-the-ongoing-legacy-of-moroccan-nationalism |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> and his replacement by the unpopular [[Mohammed Ben Aarafa]], sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader.<ref>{{Cite news |last=TIMES |first=Special to THE NEW YORK |date=1953-11-22 |title=EX-SULTAN HAS ROLE IN SPANISH MOROCCO |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/11/22/archives/exsultan-has-role-in-spanish-morocco.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In retribution, [[Muhammad Zarqtuni]] bombed Casablanca's [[Central Market (Casablanca)|''Marché Central'']] in the European ''ville nouvelle'' on Christmas of that year.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/fiVcUZ_4AZQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190609215256/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiVcUZ_4AZQ Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Citation|last=Al Jazeera Documentary الجزيرة الوثائقية|title=رجل استرخص الموت – محمد الزرقطوني|date=27 November 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiVcUZ_4AZQ|access-date=23 May 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Today in African history - 24 December |url=https://www.africatodayyesterday.org/days/24-dec |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=www.africatodayyesterday.org |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409093411/https://www.africatodayyesterday.org/days/24-dec |url-status=dead }}</ref> A month after his replacement, Allal ben Abdallah, a Moroccan nationalist attempted to assassinate the sultan on his way to the friday prayers at [[Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arbaoui |first=Larbi |title=Morocco's Most Emblematic Historical Events in Pictures |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174080/moroccos-most-emblematic-historical-events-in-pictures |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lall |first1=Rashmee Roshan |last2=jonoread |date=2021-10-13 |title=The 1950s book that explains the War on Terror |url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/the-1950s-book-that-explains-the-war-on-terror/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=The New European |language=en-GB}}</ref> Two years later, faced with a united Moroccan demand for the sultan's return and rising violence in Morocco, as well as a deteriorating situation in Algeria, the French government brought Mohammed V back to Morocco, and the following year began the negotiations that led to Moroccan independence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cianfarra |first=Camille M. |date=1955-11-17 |title=Morocco Sultan Returns in Triumph From Exile; MOROCCAN SULTAN HAILED ON RETURN |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/11/17/archives/morocco-sultan-returns-in-triumph-from-exile-moroccan-sultan-hailed.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balafrej |first=Ahmed |date=1956-04-01 |title=Morocco Plans for Independence {{!}} Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/morocco/1956-04-01/morocco-plans-independence |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> So, with the triumphant return of Sultan Mohammed ben Youssef, the beginning of the end of the colonial era was marked.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |author=Stenner, David |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1178769466 |title=Globalizing Morocco : Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State |date=14 May 2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0900-6 |oclc=1178769466}}</ref>