Editing Herbert Hoover (section)

==Legacy==

===Historical reputation===
Hoover was extremely unpopular when he left office after the 1932 election, and his historical reputation would not begin to recover until the 1970s. According to Professor David E. Hamilton, historians have credited Hoover for his genuine belief in voluntarism and cooperation, as well as the innovation of some of his programs. However, Hamilton also notes that Hoover was politically inept and failed to recognize the severity of the Great Depression.<ref name="millerlegacy">{{cite web|last1=Hamilton|first1=David E.|title=HERBERT HOOVER: IMPACT AND LEGACY|url=https://millercenter.org/president/hoover/impact-and-legacy|website=Miller Center|access-date=December 5, 2017|date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> [[Nicholas Lemann]] writes that Hoover has been remembered "as the man who was too rigidly conservative to react adeptly to the Depression, as the hapless foil to the great Franklin Roosevelt, and as the politician who managed to turn a Republican country into a Democratic one".<ref name="lemann">{{cite magazine |last1=Lemann |first1=Nicholas |title=Hating on Herbert Hoover |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/23/hating-on-herbert-hoover |access-date=February 18, 2019 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=October 23, 2017}}</ref> Polls of historians and political scientists have generally [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States|ranked]] Hoover in the bottom third of presidents. A 2018 poll of the [[American Political Science Association]]'s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Hoover as the 36th best president.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Brandon|last1=Rottinghaus|first2=Justin S.|last2=Vaughn|title=How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html/|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310203020/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html/|archive-date=March 10, 2019}}</ref> A 2017 [[C-SPAN]] poll of historians also ranked Hoover as the 36th best president.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Historians Survey 2017|url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall|website=[[C-SPAN]]|access-date=May 14, 2018}}</ref>

Although Hoover is generally regarded as having had a failed presidency, he has also received praise for his actions as a humanitarian and public official.<ref name="lemann"/> Biographer [[Glen Jeansonne]] writes that Hoover was "one of the most extraordinary Americans of modern times," adding that Hoover "led a life that was a prototypical [[Horatio Alger]] story, except that Horatio Alger stories stop at the pinnacle of success".{{sfn|Jeansonne 2016|pp=1–2}} Biographer [[Kenneth Whyte]] writes that, "the question of where Hoover belongs in the American political tradition remains a loaded one to this day. While he clearly played important roles in the development of both the progressive and conservative traditions, neither side will embrace him for fear of contamination with the other."{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=610}}

Historian [[Richard Pipes]], on his actions leading the [[American Relief Administration]], said of him: "Many statesmen occupy a prominent place in history for having sent millions to their death; Herbert Hoover, maligned for his performance as President, and soon forgotten in Russia, has the rare distinction of having saved millions."<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Pipes|title=Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime|year=1993|publisher=Knopf|page=419}}</ref>

===Views of race===
Although racist remarks and humor were common at the time, Hoover never indulged in them while president, and deliberate discrimination was [[anathema]] to him. Like many of his peers, Hoover considered white people to be inherently superior to black people, considering the "mixture of bloods disadvantageous". He did think education and work would improve black people's standing, hence his support for the [[Tuskegee University|Tuskegee Institute]].<ref name="garcia"/> His wife [[Lou Henry Hoover]] broke the color bar as first lady by inviting [[Jessie De Priest]], wife of the first black congressman elected in several decades, to a [[Jessie De Priest tea at the White House|traditional tea for the wives of congressmen]], as well as later inviting the Tuskegee Institute choir (then under the direction of [[William L. Dawson (composer)|William Dawson]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=William L. Dawson Tribute {{!}} Tuskegee University |url=https://www.tuskegee.edu/student-life/student-organizations/choir/william-l-dawson-tribute |website=www.tuskegee.edu |access-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref>

Although he thought of himself as a friend to black people and an advocate for their progress,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeansonne |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQZfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT257 |title=The Life of Herbert Hoover: Fighting Quaker, 1928–1933 |date=April 3, 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-11189-0 |language=en}}</ref> many of his black contemporaries had a different view. [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] described him as an "undemocratic racist who saw blacks as a species of 'sub-men{{' "}}.<ref name="garcia">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.17077/0003-4827.8609| issn = 0003-4827| volume = 44| issue = 7| pages = 507–515| last = Garcia| first = George F.| title = Herbert Hoover and the Issue of Race| journal = The Annals of Iowa| access-date = May 11, 2019| date = 1979| url = https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/3996/| doi-access = free}}</ref> Some historians trace the disaffection of African-Americans with the Republican party to his time in office especially due to his attempt to remove African-Americans from leadership in the Republican party in the South.<ref name="garcia"/>

Hoover's time in China shaped his views of Asian people and Asian-Americans. He erroneously wrote that "no world-startling mechanical invention" had come from China, claiming this was due to Chinese people not possessing the same mechanical instincts as Europeans.<ref name="garcia" /> This may have influenced his decision to reduce immigration through restrictions on visas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Spencer |date=August 4, 2016 |title=Hoover on Immigration |url=https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2016/08/04/hoover-on-immigration/ |access-date=August 24, 2024 |website=Hoover Heads |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Memorials===
The [[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]] is located in West Branch, Iowa next to the [[Herbert Hoover National Historic Site]]. The library is one of thirteen [[Presidential library system|presidential libraries]] run by the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]. The [[Hoover–Minthorn House]], where Hoover lived from 1885 to 1891, is located in [[Newberg, Oregon|Newberg]], Oregon. His [[Rapidan Camp|Rapidan fishing camp]] in Virginia, which he donated to the government in 1933, is now a National Historic Landmark within the [[Shenandoah National Park]]. The [[Lou Henry Hoover House|Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House]], built in 1919 in [[Stanford, California]], is now the official residence of the president of Stanford University, and a [[National Historic Landmark]]. Also located at Stanford is the [[Hoover Institution]], a think tank and research institution started by Hoover.

Hoover has been memorialized in the names of several things, including the [[Hoover Dam]] on the [[Colorado River]] and numerous elementary, [[Middle school|middle]], and [[High school (North America)|high schools]] across the United States. Two minor planets, [[932 Hooveria]]<ref>{{cite book  |last       = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.  |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |publisher  = Springer Berlin Heidelberg  |page  = 83 |date  = 2007  |isbn=978-3-540-00238-3   |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_933 |chapter = (932) Hooveria }}</ref> and [[1363 Herberta]], are named in his honor.<ref>{{cite book  |last       = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.  |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |publisher  = Springer Berlin Heidelberg  |page  = 110  |date  = 2007  |isbn=978-3-540-00238-3   |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1364 |chapter = (1363) Herberta }}</ref> The Polish capital of [[Warsaw]] has a square named after Hoover,<ref>{{cite web|title=An American Friendship: Herbert Hoover and Poland |url=http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives/exhibits/27245 |date=August 1, 2005 |work=Library & Archives |publisher=[[Hoover Institution]] |location=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=February 17, 2011 |mode=cs2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101224506/http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives/exhibits/27245 |archive-date=January 1, 2011 }}</ref> and the historic townsite of [[Gwalia, Western Australia]] contains the Hoover House Bed and Breakfast, where Hoover resided while managing and visiting the mine during the first decade of the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.gwalia.org.au/bed_and_breakfast/ Gwalia House] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409140250/http://www.gwalia.org.au/bed_and_breakfast/ |date=April 9, 2013}}. Gwalia.org.au. Retrieved on July 14, 2013.</ref> A [[medicine ball]] game known as [[Hooverball]] is named for Hoover; it was invented by White House physician Admiral [[Joel T. Boone]] to help Hoover keep fit while serving as president.<ref name=Hooverball>{{cite web|title=History of Hoover-Ball|url=http://hoover.archives.gov/education/hooverball.html|publisher=[[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]]|access-date=June 30, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025164910/http://hoover.archives.gov/education/hooverball.html|archive-date=October 25, 2012}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Herbert Hoover Presidential Library 003.jpg|Hoover Presidential Library located in West Branch, Iowa
File:Hoover Plaque Poznan.JPG|A plaque in [[Poznań]] honoring Hoover
File:Dupont KBS-FRB(2).jpg|Medal depicting Hoover, by Devreese Godefroi
</gallery>

===Other honors===

Hoover was inducted into the [[National Mining Hall of Fame]] in 1988 (inaugural class).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mininghalloffame.org/inductee/hoover-0 |title=Hoover &#124; MiningHallOfFame.org |access-date=June 11, 2020 |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611180629/https://mininghalloffame.org/inductee/hoover-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His wife was inducted into the hall in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mininghalloffame.org/inductee/hoover |title=Hoover &#124; MiningHallOfFame.org |access-date=June 11, 2020 |archive-date=November 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123101729/https://mininghalloffame.org/inductee/hoover |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Hoover was inducted into the Australian Prospectors and Miners' Hall of Fame in the category Directors and Management.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mininghalloffame.com.au/hall-of-fame/inductee.php?id=46 |title=Hoover, Herbert Clark |website=mininghalloffame.com.au |access-date=June 21, 2021 }}</ref>

Hoover was awarded an honorary doctorate by the [[Charles University in Prague]] and [[University of Helsinki]] in March 1938.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://temata.rozhlas.cz/herbert-hoover-z-chudeho-synka-nejmocnejsim-muzem-planety-7983574 |title=Herbert Hoover − z chudého synka nejmocnějším mužem planety |date=July 26, 2017 |publisher=Témata |language=Czech |access-date=June 21, 2021}}</ref><ref name="promotionceremonypic">{{cite web |url=https://finna.fi/Record/museovirasto.2F64AB0EA7BB4B1B76CE38FAE0B7A363 |website=Finna archive |publisher=National Library of Finland |access-date=November 9, 2020 |date=1938|title=USA:n entinen presidentti Herbert Hoover vastaanottaa tohtorinmiekan ja vihitään kunniatohtoriksi |language=fi}}</ref><ref name="oululehti">{{cite news |last1=Panu |title=Kunniatohtori Hoover |url=http://kirjastolinkit.ouka.fi/panu/oululehti1986/Oululehti26011986.pdf |access-date=November 9, 2020 |publisher=Oulu-lehti |date=January 26, 1986 |location=Oulu}}</ref> The ceremonial sword is today on display in the lobby of the Hoover tower.