Editing Hakka people (section)

==Hakka diaspora==

[[File:Hakka Round House, Houlong Township, Miaoli County outside overview 20150507.jpg|thumb|[[Hakka Round House]] in [[Miaoli County]].]]

===Southeast Asia===
====Vietnam====
There are two groups of Hakka in Vietnam. One is known as [[Ngái people]] and lives along the border with China in Northern Vietnam. Another group is Chinese immigrants to Southern Vietnam, known as '''Người Hẹ''', and is located around [[Ho Chi Minh City]] and [[Vũng Tàu]].

====Cambodia====
About 65% of the [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] trace their roots back to [[Meizhou]] and [[Heyuan|Heyuan prefectures]] in Guangdong Province. About 70% of the Hakkas are found in Phnom Penh where they dominate professions in the field of [[Traditional Chinese medicine|Traditional Chinese Medicine]] and shoemaking. Hakkas are also found in [[Takéo Province]], [[Stung Treng]] and [[Rattanakiri]], consisting of vegetable growers and rubber plantation workers. Hakka communities in the provinces migrated to Cambodia through Tonkin and Cochinchina in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>Willmott (1967), p. 23-4</ref>

====Thailand====
[[File:The Hakkas association of Pakchong Thailand 3.jpg|thumb|The Hakkas association of [[Pak Chong]]]]
There are no records as to when Hakka descendants arrived in Thailand. In 1901, Yu Cipeng, a Hakka member of The League Society of China came to visit Thailand and found that the establishment of many varied organizations among the Hakka was not good for unity. He tried to bring the two parties together and persuaded them to dissolve the associations in order to set up a new united one. In 1909, The Hakka Society of Siam was established and [[Chao Phraya Yommarat (Pan Sukhum)]], then interior minister, was invited to preside over the opening ceremony for the establishment of the society's nameplate, located in front of the Chinese shrine "Lee Tee Biao". Yang Liqing was its first president.<ref>[http://www.hakkathailand.com/home/default_English.php?lang=English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202073935/http://www.hakkathailand.com/home/default_English.php?lang=English|date=2 February 2011}}</ref>

====Singapore====
In 2010, 232,914 people in Singapore reported Hakka ancestry. Singapore's most prominent Hakka is its founding prime minister, [[Lee Kuan Yew]].

====Malaysia====
[[File:Muar Hakka Association.jpg|thumb|Muar Hakka Association in [[Johor]].]]
Hakka people form the second largest subgroup of the ethnic [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] population of [[Malaysia]], particularly in the [[Peninsular Malaysia|peninsula]], with several prominent Hakka figures emerging during [[British Malaya|colonial British rule]]. There are 1,729,000 people of Hakka ancestry in Malaysia as of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/MY|title=People Groups|author=Joshua Project|website=joshuaproject.net}}</ref> [[Chung Keng Quee]], "Captain China" of [[Perak]] and [[Penang]], was the founder of the mining town of [[Taiping, Perak|Taiping]], the leader of the [[Hai San Secret Society|Hai San]], a millionaire philanthropist and an innovator in the [[Tin mining|mining of tin]], having been respected by both Chinese and European communities in the early colonial settlement. Another notable Hakka was [[Yap Ah Loy]], who founded [[Kuala Lumpur]] and was a [[Kapitan Cina]] of the settlement from 1868 to 1885, bringing significant economic contributions and was also an influential figure among the ethnic Chinese.

In the district of [[Jelebu]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], Hakka people make up more than 90% of the Chinese subgroup, with the dialect itself acting as a [[lingua franca]] there. This has contributed greatly to the fact that the place is commonly known among Hakka Chinese as "Hakka Village". The greatest concentration of Hakkas in central peninsular Malaysia is in [[Ipoh]], [[Perak]] and in Kuala Lumpur and its satellite cities in [[Selangor]]. Concentrations of Hakka people in Ipoh and surrounding areas are particularly high. The Hakkas in the [[Kinta Valley]] came mainly from the [[Meizhou|Jiaying Prefecture]] or [[Meixian District|Meixian]], while those in Kuala Lumpur are mainly of [[Huizhou]] origin.<ref name="leo">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaCXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|title=Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking|author= Jessieca Leo|page=87|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004300279|date=3 September 2015}}</ref>

A large number of Hakka people are also found in [[Sarawak]], particularly in the cities of Kuching and [[Miri, Malaysia|Miri]], where there is a notable population of Hakka people who speak the "Ho Poh"{{clarify|date=July 2017}} variant of Hakka.

In [[Sabah]], most of the ethnic Chinese are of Hakka descent. In the 1990s, the Hakkas formed around 57% of the total ethnic Chinese population in Sabah.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Hakkas of Sabah : a survey of their impact on the modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State|author=Chong, Tet Loi|publisher=Sabah Theological Seminary|date= 2002|pages=32–33}}</ref> Hakka is the lingua franca among the Chinese in Sabah to such an extent that Chinese of other subgroups who migrate to Sabah from other states in Malaysia and elsewhere usually learn the Hakka dialect, with varying degrees of fluency.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaCXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|title=Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking|author= Jessieca Leo|pages=75–76|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004300279|date=3 September 2015}}</ref>

In 1882 the [[North Borneo Chartered Company]] opted to bring in Hakka labourers from [[Longchuan County, Guangdong]]. The first batch of 96 Hakkas brought to Sabah landed in [[Kudat]] on 4 April 1883 under the leadership of Luo Daifeng (Hakka: Lo Tai Fung). In the following decades Hakka immigrants settled throughout the state, with their main population centres in [[Kota Kinabalu]] (then known as Jesselton) and its surroundings (in the districts of [[Tuaran]], [[Penampang]], [[Ranau, Malaysia|Ranau]], [[Papar, Malaysia|Papar]], [[Kota Belud]] and to a lesser extent in [[Kota Marudu]]), with a significant minority residing in [[Sandakan]] (mainly ex-[[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping revolutionists]]) and other large but smaller minority populations in other towns and districts, most notably in [[Tawau]], [[Tenom]], [[Kuala Penyu]], [[Pitas, Malaysia|Pitas]], [[Tambunan]], [[Lahad Datu]], [[Semporna]], [[Kunak]], [[Sipitang]], [[Beaufort, Malaysia|Beaufort]], [[Keningau]] and [[Kudat]]. The British felt the development of North Borneo was too slow and in 1920 they decided to encourage Hakka immigration into Sabah. In 1901, the total Chinese population in Sabah was 13,897; by 1911, it had risen 100% to 27801.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chong|first1=Tet Loi|title=The Hakkas of Sabah: A Survey on Their Impact on the Modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State|date=2002|publisher=Sabah Theological Seminary|location=Kota Kinabalu|isbn=978-983-40840-0-4|oclc=51876445|page=28}}</ref> Hakka immigration began to taper off during World War 2 and declined to a negligible level in the late 1940s.

====Indonesia====
[[File:Indonesia Hakka Museum.JPG|thumb|[[Indonesian Hakka Museum]] in [[Jakarta]].]]
Migration of Hakka people to Indonesia happened in several waves. The first wave landed in [[Riau Islands]] such as in [[Bangka Island]] and Belitung as tin miners in the 18th century. The second group of colonies were established along the [[Kapuas River]] in [[Borneo]] in the 19th century, predecessors to early Singapore residents. In the early 20th century, new arrivals joined their compatriots as traders, merchants and labourers in major cities such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, etc.

Some research shows that the establishment of the Silk Road created commercial trade for the Hakka people in the south or along the way, and created conditions for overseas migration. The book "An Overview of Hakka Migration History: Where are you from?" published by My China Roots & CBA Jamaica mentions that Hakka people traded with caravans, stayed overseas to facilitate business, and their descendants became immigrants; places such as Indonesia, Calcutta, Toronto, and Jamaica still retain a long history of Hakka culture and organization.<ref>“An overview of Hakka migration history: where are you from?”. My China Roots & CBA Jamaica. July, 2016. https://cbajamaica.com/assets/docs/HANDOUT_Hakka_Migration_History.182201835.pdf</ref>

In Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, Hakka people are sometimes known as ''Khek'', from the [[Hokkien]] pronunciation ''kheh''. However, the use of the word 'Khek' is limited mainly to areas where the local Chinese population is mainly of Hokkien origin. In places where other Chinese subgroups predominate, the term 'Hakka' is still the more commonly used.

=====Bangka (in Indonesia)=====
[[File:印尼邦加島勿里洋小城.jpg|thumb|left|Belinyu, a little Hakka town in northern part of Bangka Island.]]
Hakka also live in Indonesia's largest [[tin]] producing islands of [[Bangka Belitung Islands]] province. They are the second largest ethnic group after [[Indonesian Malays|Malays]]. The Hakka population in the province is also the second largest in Indonesia after [[West Kalimantan]]'s and one of the highest percentages of Chinese living in Indonesia.

The first group of Hakka in Bangka and Belitung reached the islands in the 18th century from Guangdong. Many of them worked as tin mining labourers. Since then, they have remained on the island along with the native Malay. Their situation was much different from those of Chinese and native populations of other regions, where legal cultural conflicts were prevalent from the 1960s until 1999, after which [[Indonesian Chinese]] finally regained their cultural freedoms. Here they lived together peacefully and still practiced their customs and cultural festivals, while in other regions they were strictly banned by government legislation prior to 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0608/23/humaniora/2898211.htm|publisher=KOMPAS|title=Kebersamaan Tanpa Prasangka |date= 23 August 2006|access-date=10 September 2007}}</ref> Hakka on the island of Bangka spoke Hopo dialect mixed with Malay, especially in younger generations. Hakka spoken in Belinyu area in Bangka is considered to be standard.

=====West Kalimantan (in Indonesia)=====
Hakka people in [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]] live alongside [[Teochew people|Teochew-speaking]] Chinese. While the Teochews are dominant in the centre of Pontianak, the Hakka are more dominant in small towns along the [[Kapuas River]] in the regencies of Sanggau, Sekadau and Sintang. Their Hakka dialect is originally Hopo, which was influenced by Teochew dialect and also has vocabulary from the local Malay and [[Dayak people|Dayak]] tribes. The Hakka were instrumental in the [[Lanfang Republic]].

The Hakka in this region are descendants of gold prospectors who migrated from China in the late 19th century.

The Hakka in [[Singkawang]] and the surrounding regencies of [[Sambas Regency|Sambas]], [[Bengkayang]], [[Ketapang]] and Landak speak a different standard of Hakka dialect to the Hakkas along the Kapuas River. Originally West Borneo had diverse Hakka origins, but during the 19th century, a large number of people came from Jiexi, so many Hakkas in the region speak Hopo mixed with Wuhua and Huilai accents that eventually formed the dialect of Singkawang Hakka.<ref name="singkawang">{{cite web|url=http://www.singkawang.us/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=337|title=United Singkawang – Bahasa Hakka di Singkawang|publisher=Singkawang.us|access-date=15 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508092128/http://www.singkawang.us/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=337|archive-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>

=====Jakarta (in Indonesia)=====
Hakka people in Jakarta mainly have roots from [[Meizhou]], who came in the 19th century. Secondary migration of the Hakkas from other provinces like Bangka Belitung Islands and West Borneo came later.

====Timor-Leste====
{{Main|Chinese people in Timor-Leste}}
[[File:East Timor hakka wedding.jpg|thumb|right|A mixed wedding of East Timorese and Hakka in [[Timor-Leste]], where the four [[flower girl]]s and the mother of the bride on the far right are of Hakka descent.]]
There was already a relatively large and vibrant Hakka community in East Timor before the 1975 [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|Indonesian invasion]]. According to an estimate by the local Chinese Timorese association, the Hakka population of [[Portuguese Timor]] in 1975 was estimated to be around 25,000 (including a small minority of other Chinese ethnicities from Macau, which like East Timor was a Portuguese colony). According to a book source, an estimated 700 Hakka were killed within the first week of invasion in [[Dili]] alone. No clear numbers had been recorded since many Hakka had already escaped to neighbouring Australia. The recent re-establishment of Hakka associations in the country registered approximately 2,400 Hakka remaining, organised into some 400 families, including part-Timorese ones.

The Timorese Hakka diaspora can currently be found in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], [[Brisbane]], [[Sydney]] and [[Melbourne]] in Australia; in Portugal; in Macau; and in other parts of the world in smaller numbers. They often are highly educated and many continue their education in either Taiwan or the People's Republic of China, while a majority of the younger generation prefer to study in Australia. The Australian government took some years to assess their claims to be genuine [[refugee]]s and not illegal immigrants, as partially related to the political situation in East Timor at the time. As Asian countries were neither willing to accept them as residents nor grant them political asylum to the Timorese in general, they were forced to live as [[stateless persons]] for some time. Despite this condition, many Hakka had become successful, establishing restaurant chains, shops, supermarkets and import operations in Australia. Since [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|the independence of Timor-Leste]] in 2000, some Hakka families have returned and invested in businesses in the newborn nation.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

===South Asia===
====India====
There used to be 1500 Hakkas largely at Tangra,Kolkata and Bombay, arriving after the great [[British Raj#Famines, epidemics, public health|British Raj violence and chaos]].

However, from the 1960s, after armed fighting broke out, there has been a steady migration to other countries, which accelerated in the succeeding decades. The majority moved to Britain and Canada, while others went to the United States, Australia, Taiwan, Austria and Sweden. The predominant dialect of Hakka in these communities is Meixian.

Hakkas are the largest Chinese community in India after Chinese Cantonese people of Indian ancestry. During the time he held office in Calcutta until the late 2000s, Yap Kon Chung, the Hakka ambassador, protected and helped the Chinese residents in India. Specifically, during the Sino-Indian war of 1962, oppression of Sino-Indian residents accused of [[Anti-Indian sentiment#Myanmar/Burma|Anti-Indian sentiment]] by the Indians was escalated. Yap then made appeals to Prime Minister Nehru to bridge a bond between the Indians and Chinese persons. During his office, he was also the principal at a highly regarded school as well as a political facilitator who helped many families migrate to other countries such as Britain, Canada, the United States and parts of Europe until he himself migrated to Toronto, Canada to join his family. Yap died surrounded by family on 18 April 2014, at the age of 97.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

===Africa===
====South Africa====
Most Hakka people are from the Meixian area.

====Mauritius====
The vast majority of Mauritian Chinese are Hakkas. Most Mauritian Hakkas who emigrated to Mauritius in the mid-1940s came from Northeastern Guangdong, especially from the Meizhou or Meixian region.

In 2008, the total population of [[Sino-Mauritian]], consisting of Hakka and Cantonese, is around 35,000.
As of 2025, local sources estamate that number has fallen to approximately 10,000.

====Réunion====
Many [[Chinois (Réunion)|Chinese people in Réunion]] are of Hakka origin.<ref name="beyondchinatown">{{cite book|title=Beyond Chinatown: new Chinese migration and the global expansion of China|last=Thunø|first=Mette|year=2007|publisher=NIAS Press|isbn= 978-87-7694-000-3|ol=13426825M|page=234|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSY__ozPK0sC&q=sinwa+la+reunion&pg=PA234|access-date=24 November 2009}}</ref> They either came to [[Réunion]] as [[indentured worker]]s or as voluntary migrants.<ref name="beyondchinatown"/>

===Americas===
====United States====
Hakka from all over the world have also migrated to the US. One group is the New England Hakka Association, which reminds its members not to forget their roots. One example is a blog by Ying Han Brach called "Searching for My Hakka Roots". Another group is the Hakka Association of New York, which aims to promote Hakka culture across the five boroughs of [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hakkany.com/home.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801133818/http://www.hakkany.com/|url-status=dead|title=Home|archive-date=1 August 2015|website=Hakka Association of NY}}</ref> In the mid-1970s, the Hakka Benevolent Association in San Francisco was founded by Tu Chung. The association has strong ties with the San Francisco community and offers scholarships to their young members. There are significant [[Hakka Americans|Hakka American]] communities in [[San Francisco]], [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[Seattle]] and [[Los Angeles]].

There are around 20,000 Taiwanese Hakkas in the United States.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

====Canada====
There are several Hakka communities across Canada. One group that embraces on Hakka culture in this diverse country is the Hakka Heritage Alliance. Also see Jamaica.

====Jamaica====
Most [[Chinese Jamaicans]] are Hakka; they have a long history in [[Jamaica]]. Between 1854 and 1884, nearly 5,000 Hakkas arrived in Jamaica in three major voyages. The Hakkas seized the opportunity to venture into a new land, embracing the local language, customs and culture. During the 1960s and 1970s, substantial migration of Jamaican Hakkas to the US and Canada have occurred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinesejamaican.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512200323/http://www.chinesejamaican.com/history.html|url-status=dead|title=We are Chinese Jamaicans Worldwide|archive-date=12 May 2013|website=We are Chinese Jamaicans Worldwide}}</ref> The Hakkas in Jamaica came mainly from [[Dongguan]], [[Huiyang]] and [[Bao'an County|Bao'an counties]] of Guangdong Province.<ref name="leo"/>

====Suriname====
The Chinese in [[Suriname]] are homogeneous as a group and the great majority can trace their roots to Huidong'an ({{lang|zh-hans|惠东安}}). One famous Hakka is President [[Henk Chin A Sen]].<ref name="leo"/>

====Guyana====
Chinese people are a small minority at [[Guyana]]. Guyana's most prominent Hakka Chinese is its first president, [[Arthur Chung]].

===Oceania===
====Australia====
Hakka people first arrived in Australia in the 1880s. Hakka arrivals were halted along with other Chinese immigrants during the [[White Australia policy]] era from 1901 to 1973 and resumed thereafter. Some estimate that there are now 100,000 Hakka people in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.hakkawa.com/galvanising-the-collective-intelligence-of-the-hakka-diaspora-in-western-australia/|title = Galvanising the collective intelligence of the Hakka Diaspora in Western Australia|date = 3 July 2018}}</ref>

====New Zealand====
There are people of Hakka descent in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/35/11188/Face-of-the-Week/Living-in-NZ-A-Chinese-descent-Indian-shares-her-unique-cultural-experience|title = Living in NZ: A Chinese Descent Indian shares her unique cultural experience}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56361175.pdf|title = Ethnic Minority migrant Chinese in New Zealand|first1 = Nancy|last1 = McIntyre|date = 2008}}</ref>

====Tahiti====
Hakka people first arrived in [[Papara]], [[Tahiti]] in 1865.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.thetahititraveler.com/the-chinese-community-in-tahiti-150-years-of-history/|title = The Chinese Community in Tahiti: 150 years of history|date = 3 March 2015}}</ref>