Editing Guangzhou (section)

== Culture==
[[File:Guangzhou Opera House(Near).JPG|thumb|right|Guangzhou Opera House]]
Guangzhou's culture is mainly [[Cantonese culture]], which is a subset of the larger "[[northern and southern China|Southern]]" or the "[[Lingnan culture|Lingnan]]" culture, followed by [[Hakka culture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ce.zju.edu.cn/cef/2014/0516/c51484a2117974/page.htm |title=廣州城市簡介 |access-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329045401/http://www.ce.zju.edu.cn/cef/2014/0516/c51484a2117974/page.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable aspects of [[Cantonese culture|Cantonese cultural]] heritage include:

*[[Cantonese language]], the local and [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige variant]] of [[Yue Chinese]].
*[[Cantonese cuisine]], one of China's eight major culinary traditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eight Cuisines of China – Shandong & Guangdong |url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/cuisine_drink/cuisine/eight_cuisines.htm |website=TravelChinaGuide.com |ref=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828122551/http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/cuisine_drink/cuisine/eight_cuisines.htm |archive-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref>{{NoteTag|The other seven are the cuisines of [[Anhui cuisine|Anhui]], [[Fujian cuisine|Fujian]], [[Hunan cuisine|Hunan]], [[Jiangsu cuisine|Jiangsu]], [[Shandong cuisine|Shandong]], [[Sichuan cuisine|Sichuan]] and [[Zhejiang cuisine|Zhejiang]].<ref name="beautyfujian">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130731165745/http://beautyfujian.com/Fujian/Fujian_Cuisine.html "Fujian Cuisine.] [http://beautyfujian.com/ Beautyfujian.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710001538/http://beautyfujian.com/ |date=July 10, 2011 }}. Accessed June 2011.</ref>}}
*[[Cantonese opera]], usually divided into martial and literary performances.
*[[Xiguan]] (Saikwan), the area west of the former walled city.

The [[Guangzhou Opera House]] and [[Guangzhou Symphony Orchestra|Symphony Orchestra]] also perform classical Western music and Chinese compositions in their style. [[Guangdong music (genre)|Cantonese music]] is a traditional style of Chinese instrumental music, while [[Cantopop]] is the local form of [[pop music]] and [[rock-and-roll]] which developed from neighboring [[Hong Kong]].

[[Cantonese language]], [[Cantonese cuisine]] and [[Cantonese opera]] are the shared culture of the whole [[Guangdong]] region, not just the important cultural components of Guangzhou city. With a population of diverse background, the culture of Guangzhou also includes other categories, such as [[Hakka]] culture and language.

In the [[Hakka people]] inhabited areas of Guangzhou, Hakka culture has been well developed and preserved, and in the long history, the integration of Canton culture and Hakka culture has derived new cultural characteristics. [[Zengcheng, Guangzhou]] is a district with a history of more than 1800 years, with the harmonious coexistence of Canton culture and Hakka culture, the derived food culture has not only the non-heritage food such as Zhengguo Wonton, Lanxi Rice Noodle, and Goose Soup, but also the special food such as Yuecun Dace Fish Skin, Paitan Roasted Chicken, and Shitan Whole Cattle Banquet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20230331A0A7B000 |title=Foodies! Zengcheng Special Food Map|date=March 31, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Religions===
Before the postmodern era, Guangzhou had about 124 religious pavilions, halls, and temples.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=37}} Today, in addition to the [[Chinese Buddhist Association|Buddhist Association]], Guangzhou also has a [[Chinese Taoist Association|Taoist Association]], a Jewish community,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mondestay.com/guangzhou/worship-associations.html |title=Places of Worship and Associations in Guangzhou |access-date=June 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415061521/http://www.mondestay.com/guangzhou/worship-associations.html |archive-date=April 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.hrw.org/book/export/html/50307 |title=Viii. Appendix Ii |publisher=China.hrw.org |date=December 28, 1997 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003101609/http://china.hrw.org/book/export/html/50307 |archive-date=October 3, 2011}}</ref> as well as a history with Christianity, reintroduced to China by colonial powers.{{clarify|date=July 2016}}

==== Taoism====
[[Taoism]] and [[Chinese folk religion]] are still represented at a few of the city's temples. Among the most important is the [[Temple of the Five Immortals (Guangzhou)|Temple of the Five Immortals]], dedicated to the  [[Xian (Taoism)|Five Immortals]] credited with introducing rice cultivation at the foundation of the city. The five rams they rode were supposed to have turned into stones upon their departure and gave the city several of its nicknames.<ref>{{citation |last=Glancey |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_leHhzKlI7kC |title=Architecture |series=Eyewitness Companions |location=Attleborough |publisher=CobaltId for Dorling Kindersley |editor=Paula Regan |editor2=Debra Wolter |editor3=Louise Dick |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-7566-1732-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_leHhzKlI7kC&pg=PA177 177] |access-date=June 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308230138/https://books.google.com/books?id=_leHhzKlI7kC&printsec=frontcover |archive-date=March 8, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the temple has not been restored as a Taoist temple status yet. Other famous temples include the [[List of City God Temples in China|City God Temple of Guangzhou]] and [[Sanyuan Palace]]. During the [[Cultural Revolution]], all Taoist temples and shrines were practically destroyed or damaged by the red guards. Only a handful of them like Sanyuan Palace were restored during the 1980s. Guangzhou, like most of southern China, is also notably observant and continues the practice of [[Chinese ancestral veneration|Chinese ancestral worship]] during major festive occasions like the [[Tomb Sweeping Festival|Qing Ming Festival]] and [[Zhong Yuan Festival]].

==== Buddhism====
[[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhism]] is the most prominent religion in Guangzhou.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.excelguangzhou.com/sixbanyan.html |title=Six Banyan Trees Temple – Famous Buddhist temple of Guangzhou |publisher=Excelguangzhou.com |access-date=August 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729215426/http://www.excelguangzhou.com/sixbanyan.html |archive-date=July 29, 2011}}</ref> The Zhizhi Temple was founded in AD&nbsp;233 from the estate of a [[Eastern Wu|Wu]] official; it is said to comprise the residence of [[Zhao Jiande]], the last of the [[Nanyue]] [[king of Nanyue|kings]], and has been known as the [[Guangxiao Temple (Guangzhou)|Guangxiao Temple]] ("Temple of Bright Filial Piety") since the [[Ming dynasty]]. The [[Buddhist missionary|Buddhist missionary monk]], [[Bodhidharma]] is traditionally said to have visited Panyu during the [[Liu Song dynasty|Liu Song]] or [[Liang dynasty]] (5th or 6th century). Around AD&nbsp;520, [[Emperor Wu of Liang|Emperor Wu]] of the [[Liang dynasty|Liang]] ordered the construction of the Baozhuangyan Temple and the Xilai Monastery to store the relics of [[Cambodia]]n [[Arahant|Buddhist saints]] which had been brought to the city and to house the monks beginning to assemble there. The Baozhuangyan is now known as the [[Temple of the Six Banyan Trees]], after a famous poem composed by [[Su Shi]] after a visit during the [[Northern Song dynasty|Northern Song]].{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} The Xilai Monastery was renamed as the [[Hualin Temple (Guangzhou)|Hualin Temple]] ("Flowery Forest Temple") after its reconstruction during the [[Qing dynasty]].

The temples were badly damaged by both the [[Republic of China|Republican]] campaign to "Promote Education with Temple Property" ({{lang|zh-hant|{{linktext|廟|產|興|學}}}}) and the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]]'s Cultural Revolution but have been renovated since the [[opening up policy|opening up]] that began in the 1980s. The Ocean Banner Temple on [[Henan Island]], once famous in the west as the only tourist spot in Guangzhou accessible to foreigners, has been reopened as the [[Hoi Tong Monastery]].

==== Christianity====
[[Nestorian]] Christians [[Christianity in China|first arrived in China]] via the overland [[Silk Road]], but suffered during [[Emperor Wuzong of Tang|Emperor Wuzong]]'s 845 [[Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution|persecution]] and were essentially extinct by the year 1000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keung |title=Ching Feng |page=235}}</ref>{{Specify|reason=No mention of Nestorianism in Guangzhou|date=October 2019}} The [[Qing dynasty|Qing]]-era ban on foreigners limited [[Christian mission|missionaries]] until it [[Treaty of Nanking|was abolished]] following the [[First Opium War]], although the [[Protestantism in China|Protestant]] [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]] was able to perform some work through his service with the British factory. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guangzhou]] is housed at [[Guangzhou's Sacred Heart Cathedral]], known locally as the "Stone House". A [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] edifice which was built by hand from 1861 to 1888 under [[Second French Empire|French]] direction, its original Latin and French [[stained-glass window]]s were destroyed during the wars and amid the Cultural Revolution; they have since been replaced by English ones. The Canton Christian College (1888) and Hackett Medical College for Women (1902) were both founded by missionaries, they were known in Chinese as [[Lingnan University (Guangzhou)|Lingnan University]] and later incorporated into [[Sun Yat-sen University]]. Since the opening up of China in the 1980s, there has been renewed interest in Christianity, but Guangzhou maintains pressure on underground churches which avoid registration with government officials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Beijing-and-Guangzhou-attack-underground-Churches-21186.html |title=CHINA Beijing and Guangzhou attack underground Churches – Asia News |publisher=Asianews.it |access-date=August 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612140825/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Beijing-and-Guangzhou-attack-underground-Churches-21186.html |archive-date=June 12, 2011}}</ref> The Catholic archbishop [[Dominic Tang]] was imprisoned without trial for 22 years; however, his present successor is recognized by both the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] and China's [[Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association|Patriotic Church]].

==== Islam====
Guangzhou has had ties with the Islamic world since the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="lipman29">{{cite book |first=Jonathan Neaman |last=Lipman |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-962-209-468-0 |title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_FGPtLEoYQC |page=29 |access-date=August 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109081703/https://books.google.com/books?id=4_FGPtLEoYQC |archive-date=January 9, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Relations were often strained: Arab and Persian pirates sacked the city on October 30, 758; the port was subsequently closed for fifty years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=bret/><ref name=welsh/><ref name=need/><ref name=sima/> Their presence [[Guangzhou massacre|came to an end]] under the revenge of Chinese rebel [[Huang Chao]] in 878, along with that of the [[Jews in China|Jews]], [[Christians in China|Christians]],<ref name=frenchy/><ref name=kaifung/><ref name=gibberish/> and [[Parsi]]s.<ref name=sirafi/><ref name=guy/> Nowadays, the city is home to [[Chinese Islamic cuisine|halal restaurants]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fls.sysu.edu.cn/fls/deut/guangzhou/charaktereigenschaften-der-guangzhouer.html |title=Charaktereigenschaften der Guangzhouer – Guangzhou – Deutschabteilung Der SYSU |publisher=Fls.sysu.edu.cn |date=October 9, 2007 |access-date=August 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118191132/http://fls.sysu.edu.cn/fls/deut/guangzhou/charaktereigenschaften-der-guangzhouer.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="Religious sites in Guangzhou">
File:WuXianGuan-rams-0484.jpg|[[Guangzhou's Temple of the Five Immortals]]
File:John Thomson - Wah Lum Chu, Canton - cropped.jpg|{{nowrap|The Hall of the 500 Arhats}} at the {{nowrap|[[Hualin Temple (Guangzhou)|Flowery Forest Temple]]}} (Hualin) in the 1870s
File:The Mahavira Palace of Guangxiaosi.jpg|{{nowrap|The [[Guangxiao Temple (Guangzhou)|Temple of Bright Filial Piety]]}}
File:Guangzhou Chenghuang Miao 2014.01.24 16-47-58.jpg|Guangzhou's [[City God (China)|City God Temple]]
File:The Sea-screen Temple at Honam Canton.png|The sacred pigs of the [[Ocean Banner Temple]] ({{nowrap|Hoi Tong)}} in the 1830s
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Canton pagoda de las flores.JPG|{{nowrap|The [[Flower Pagoda]]}} at the [[Temple of the Six Banyan Trees]] (Liurong)
File:Hoi Tong Monastery Pagoda.JPG|The Thousand Buddha Tower at the present-day {{nowrap|[[Hoi Tong Monastery]]}}
File:Guangzhou Shishi Shengxin Dajiaotang 2012.11.15 10-46-30.jpg|[[Guangzhou's Sacred Heart Cathedral|Sacred Heart Cathedral]]
File:廣州基督教天河堂.jpg|[[Tianhe Church]], built in 2017
</gallery>