Editing Goguryeo (section)

== Language ==
{{Main|Goguryeo language}}

There have been some academic attempts to reconstruct the Goguryeo words based on the fragments of toponyms, recorded in the ''[[Samguk sagi]]'', of the areas once possessed by Goguryeo. However, the reliability of the toponyms as linguistic evidence is still in dispute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyfoundation.or.kr/Data/DataGarden/Journal%2802-2%29%282%29.pdf |title=Special Issue: The Language(s) of Koguryŏ |website=www.historyfoundation.or.kr |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226195328/http://www.historyfoundation.or.kr/Data/DataGarden/Journal%2802-2%29%282%29.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The linguistic classification of the language is difficult due to the lack of historical sources. The most cited source, a body of [[placename glosses in the Samguk sagi|placename glosses in the ''Samguk sagi'']], has been interpreted by different authors as [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]], [[Japonic languages|Japonic]], or an intermediate between the two.{{sfnp|Lee|Ramsey|2011|p=44}}<ref name="From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Ki-Moon|last2=Ramsey|first2=S. Robert|title=A History of the Korean language|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-66189-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Whitman|first1=John|title=Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan|journal=Rice|date=2011|volume=4|issue=3–4|pages=149–158|doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0|doi-access=free|bibcode=2011Rice....4..149W }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Unger|first1=J. Marshall|title=The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages|date=2009|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-3279-7}}</ref> Lee and Ramsey also look broadly to include [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] and/or [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]].{{sfnp|Lee|Ramsey|2011|p=43}}

Chinese records suggest that the languages of Goguryeo, Buyeo, East [[Okjeo]], and [[Gojoseon]] were similar, while they differed from that of the Malgal ([[Mohe people|Mohe]]).<ref>Fan Ye, ''[[Book of the Later Han]]'', volume 85; the ''[[:zh:s:後漢書/卷85|Dongyi Liezhuan]]''</ref><ref>Wei Shou, ''[[Book of Wei]]'', volume 100; the ''Liezhuan'' 88, [[:zh:s:魏書/卷100|the Wuji]]</ref><ref>Li Dashi, ''[[History of Northern Dynasties]]'', volume 94; the ''Liezhuan'' 82, [[:zh:s:北史/卷094|the Wuji]]</ref>