Editing Gender role (section)

==Economic and social consequences==
[[File:Katerfrühstück der Ellerbek-Wellingdorfer Seglervereinigung e.V. (Kiel 38.830).jpg|thumb|A meal prepared by women and eaten by men in [[West Germany]], 1966]]
Traditional gender roles assume women will serve as the primary [[Care work|caregivers]] for children and the elderly, regardless of whether they also work outside of the home. Sociology scholar [[Arlie Hochschild]] delves into this phenomenon in her book, ''[[The Second Shift]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuttner |first=Robert |date=1989-06-25 |title=She Minds the Child, He Minds the Dog |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/25/books/she-minds-the-child-he-minds-the-dog.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This "second shift" refers to the unpaid work women take on in the private sphere—housework, cooking, cleaning, and caring for the family unit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenstein |first=Theodore N. |date=1996 |title=Husbands' Participation in Domestic Labor: Interactive Effects of Wives' and Husbands' Gender Ideologies |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/353719 |journal=[[Journal of Marriage and Family]] |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=585–595 |doi=10.2307/353719 |jstor=353719 |issn=0022-2445}}</ref> Economically, this restricts a women's ability to advance in her career due to her added (unpaid) responsibilities at home. Gender roles have influenced the idea that women are well suited for more feminine roles such as housekeeping and domestic duties.'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cranford |first=Cynthia J. |date=March 2012 |title=Gendered Projects of Solidarity: Workplace Organizing among Immigrant Women and Men |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00585.x |journal=Gender, Work & Organization |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=142–164 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00585.x |issn=0968-6673}}</ref>''' The [[OECD]] found "Around the world, women spend two to ten times more time on unpaid care work than men."<ref>{{cite report |last1=Ferrant |first1=Gaelle |last2=Pesando |first2=Luca Maria |last3=Nowacka |first3=Keiko |date=December 2014 |url=https://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf |title=Unpaid Care work: The missing link in the analysis of gender gaps in labour outcomes |publisher=[[OECD]]}}</ref> In 2020 alone, women provided over $689 billion in unpaid labor to the U.S. economy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2021 |title=Women Carried the Burden of Unpaid Caregiving in 2020 |url=https://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/resources/economic-justice/women-carried-the-burden-of-unpaid-caregiving-in-2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514190029/https://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/resources/economic-justice/women-carried-the-burden-of-unpaid-caregiving-in-2020.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-14 |url-status=live |website=National Partnership for Women & Families}}</ref> Lee and Fang found, "Compared with Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asian Americans took more extensive caregiving responsibilities."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Yeonjung |last2=Tang |first2=Fengyan |date=June 2015 |title=More Caregiving, Less Working: Caregiving Roles and Gender Difference |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0733464813508649 |journal=Journal of Applied Gerontology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=465–483 |doi=10.1177/0733464813508649 |pmid=24652908 |s2cid=20984380 |issn=0733-4648}}</ref>

Across all demographics, women are more likely to live in poverty compared to men.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Basic Facts About Women in Poverty |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/basic-facts-women-poverty/ |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=Center for American Progress |date=3 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Elyse |last2=Mariano |first2=Halie |date=May 2021 |title=Narrow the Gender Pay Gap, Reduce Poverty for Families: The Economic Impact of Equal Pay by State |url=https://iwpr.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Economic-Impact-of-Equal-Pay-by-State_FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511174506/https://iwpr.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Economic-Impact-of-Equal-Pay-by-State_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-11 |url-status=live |journal=}}</ref> This is largely due to the gender wage gap between men and women. Correcting these wage gaps would increase women's salaries from an annual average earning of $41,402 to $48,326 increasing the income of the U.S economy.<ref name=":8" /> The gender wage gap is largely racial—in the U.S., American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women, Black women, and Latina women disproportionately experience poverty and larger wage gaps compared with White and Asian women.<ref name=":3" /> Women are also more likely to live in poverty if they are single mothers and solely responsible for providing for their children. Poverty among single working mothers would fall 40% or more if women earn equal wages to men.<ref name=":3" />

Specifically, in the immigrant demographic, migrant women are subject to lesser benefits and wage gaps compared to that of what migrant men receive. Preceding 1984 to 1994–2004, Mexican migrant women earned $6.0 to $7.40 per hour alongside their unpaid domestic responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Donato |first1=Katharine M. |last2=Wakabayashi |first2=Chizuko |last3=Hakimzadeh |first3=Shirin |last4=Armenta |first4=Amada |date=November 2008 |title=Shifts in the Employment Conditions of Mexican Migrant Men and Women: The Effect of U.S. Immigration Policy |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0730888408322859 |journal=Work and Occupations |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=462–495 |doi=10.1177/0730888408322859 |issn=0730-8884}}</ref> Similarly, gender roles apply for immigrant women in the workplace as their skill level does not guarantee equitable participation in the economy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iredale |first=Robyn |date=March 2005 |title=Gender, immigration policies and accreditation: valuing the skills of professional women migrants |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.04.002 |journal=Geoforum |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=155–166 |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.04.002 |issn=0016-7185}}</ref> The [[Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986|1986 immigration policy]], impacted the employment of migrant men and women, specifically women with lower wages and higher demands. This trend continued in the United States as immigration policy has persistently been grouped into political affiliations alongside various other social, economic, and geographical factors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dzordzormenyoh |first1=Michael K. |last2=Boateng |first2=Francis D. |date=2023-09-01 |title=Immigration Politics and Policymaking in the USA (2017–2021): Examining the Effect of Geopolitics on Public Attitude Towards Immigration Policies |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-022-01004-6 |journal=Journal of International Migration and Integration |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=1281–1303 |doi=10.1007/s12134-022-01004-6 |issn=1874-6365 |pmc=9763793 |pmid=36569186}}</ref>