Editing Fritillaria (section)

=== {{anchor|traditional}}Traditional medicine ===

Species of ''Fritillaria'' have been used in traditional medicine in China for over 2,000 years, and are one of the most widely used medicines today.{{sfn|Hao et al|2013}} The production of medicines from ''[[Fritillaria cirrhosa|F. cirrhosa]]'' is worth US$400 million per annum. Although some are cultivated for this purpose, most are gathered in the wild. In recent years demand has increased leading to over-harvesting of wild populations. In addition to China, ''Fritillaria'' products are used medicinally in the [[Himalayas]], including India, Nepal and Pakistan, as well as Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia. To meet the demand additional countries such as Turkey and Burma are involved in the collection. The products are used mainly as [[antitussives]], [[expectorants]], and [[antihypertensives]]. The active ingredients are thought to be isosteroidal and [[steroidal alkaloid]] compounds. Chinese sources suggest 16 species as source material, but this may be an overestimate due to the large number of synonyms in Chinese. Of these, 15 are in subgenus ''Fritillaria'' (both subclades), but one (''[[Fritillaria anhuiensis|F. anhuiensis]]'') is in subgenus ''Liliorhiza''.{{sfn|Day et al|2014}}{{sfn|Karakas Metin et al|2013}}{{sfn|Wang et al|2017}} ''F. imperialis'' also has a long history of medicinal usage in China and Iran.{{sfn|Bonyadi et al|2017}}
[[File:干川贝母.jpg|thumb|Dried bulbs of ''[[fritillaria cirrhosa|F. cirrhosa]]''|alt=Group of died bulbs of Fritillaria cirrhosa being prepared for making traditional medicine]]
Fritillaria extracts (fritillaria in English, ''[[bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae]]'' in Latin){{sfn|Lenz|Frey|2005}} are used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] under the name {{transliteration|zh|chuan bei mu}} (literally "Shell mother from Sichuan",{{sfn|Lenz|Frey|2005}} or just {{transliteration|zh|beimu}}). Species such as ''F. cirrhosa'', ''[[Fritillaria thunbergii|F. thunbergii]]'' and ''[[Fritillaria verticillata|F. verticillata]]'' are used in cough remedies.{{sfn|Zhang et al|2010}}{{sfn|Hao et al|2013}} They are listed as ''chuān bèi'' ({{zh|c=川貝/川贝}}) or ''zhè bèi'' (Chinese: 浙貝/浙贝), respectively, and are often in formulations combined with extracts of [[loquat]] (''Eriobotrya japonica''). ''Fritillaria verticillata'' bulbs are also traded as ''bèi mǔ'' or, in [[Kampō]], ''baimo'' (Chinese/[[Kanji]]: 貝母, [[Katakana]]: バイモ). In one study fritillaria reduced airway inflammation by suppressing [[cytokine]]s, [[histamine]]s, and other compounds of inflammatory response.{{sfn|Yeum et al|2007}}{{sfn|Wang et al|2017}}