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===Navayana Buddhism=== The [[Navayana]], a modernistic interpretation of Buddhism by the Indian leader and Buddhist scholar [[B. R. Ambedkar]],<ref>Anne M. Blackburn (1993), [http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8805/2712 Religion, Kinship and Buddhism: Ambedkar's Vision of a Moral Community], The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 16 (1), p. 11</ref> rejected much of traditional Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, karma and rebirth, thus turning his new religion into a vehicle for [[class struggle]] and social action.<ref>{{cite book |author=Eleanor Zelliot |year=2015 |editor=Knut A. Jacobsen |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-40357-9 |pages=13, 361β370}}</ref> According to Ambedkar, Four Noble Truths was "the invention of wrong-headed monks".<ref>{{cite book|editor-first1=Damien |editor-last1=Keown|editor-first2=Charles S. |editor-last2=Prebish|title= Encyclopedia of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-98588-1 |page=25}}, Quote: "(...)The Buddhism upon which he settled and about which he wrote in ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'' was, in many respects, unlike any form of Buddhism that had hitherto arisen within the tradition. Gone, for instance, were the doctrines of karma and rebirth, the traditional emphasis on renunciation of the world, the practice of meditation, and the experience of enlightenment. Gone too were any teachings that implied the existence of a trans-empirical realm (...). Most jarring, perhaps, especially among more traditional Buddhists, was the absence of the Four Noble Truths, which Ambedkar regarded as the invention of wrong-headed monks".</ref>
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