Editing Fair trade (section)

=== Coffee ===
{{Main|Fair trade coffee}}
[[File:Coffee beans being sorted and pulped.jpg|thumb|Fair trade [[coffee bean]]s being sorted]]
Coffee is the most well-established fair trade commodity. Most Fair Trade coffee is ''[[Coffea arabica]],'' which is grown at high altitudes. Fair Trade markets emphasize the quality of coffee because they usually appeal to customers who are motivated by taste rather than price. The fair trade movement fixated on coffee first because it is a highly traded commodity for most producing countries, and almost half the world's coffee is produced by smallholder farmers.<ref name=":2" /> At first fair trade coffee was sold at small scale; now multinationals like Starbucks and Nestlé use fair trade coffee.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Weak Coffee: Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement|journal = Social Problems|date = 2012-02-01|issn = 0037-7791|pages = 94–116|volume = 59|issue = 1|doi = 10.1525/sp.2012.59.1.94|first = Daniel|last = Jaffee|url = https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/soc_fac/130|access-date = 2021-05-21|archive-date = 2021-04-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417231352/https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/soc_fac/130/|url-status = live}}</ref> As of 2006, Starbucks was the world's largest purchaser of fair trade coffee.<ref name=":0"/>

Internationally recognized Fair Trade coffee standards outlined by FLO are as follows: small producers are grouped in democratic cooperatives or groups; buyers and sellers establish long-term, stable relationships; buyers pay the producers at least the minimum Fair Trade price or, when the market price is higher, the market price; and, buyers pay a social premium of {{currency|.20|USD}} per pound of coffee to the producers. The current{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} minimum Fair Trade price for high-grade, washed Arabica coffee is {{currency|1.40|USD}} per pound; {{currency|1.70|USD}} per pound if the coffee is organic.<ref name=":2" />

The marketing system for fair trade and non-fair trade coffee is identical in the consuming and developing countries, using mostly the same importing, packing, distributing, and retailing firms used worldwide. Some independent brands operate a "virtual company", paying importers, packers and distributors, and advertising agencies to handle their brand, for cost reasons.<ref>Davies, IA and A Crane, "Ethical Decision Making in Fair Trade Companies". ''Journal of Business Ethics'' 45: 79–92, 2003. p. 84</ref> In the producing country, fair trade is marketed only by fair trade cooperatives, while other coffee is marketed by fair trade cooperatives (as uncertified coffee), by other cooperatives and by ordinary traders.{{Sfn | Mohan | 2010}}{{Sfn | Kilian | Jones | Pratt | Villalobos | 2006}}{{Sfn | Berndt | 2007}}{{Sfn | Riedel | Lopez | Widdows | Manji | 2005}}{{Sfn | Kohler | 2006}}

==== Locations ====
The largest sources of fair trade coffee are Uganda and Tanzania, followed by Latin American countries such as Guatemala and Costa Rica.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura 2000" /> As of 1999, major importers of fair trade coffee included Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. There is a North/South divide between fair trade consumers and producers. North American countries are not yet{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} among the top importers of fair trade coffee.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura 2000" />

==== Labour ====
Starbucks began to purchase more fair trade coffee in 2001 because of charges of labor rights violations in Central American plantations. Several competitors, including Nestlé, followed suit.<ref name="Jaffee, Daniel 2012 pp. 94-116">Jaffee, Daniel: "Weak Coffee: Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement." ''Social Problems'', Vol. 59, No. 1 (February 2012), pp. 94–116</ref> Large corporations that sell non-fair trade coffee take 55% of what consumers pay for coffee while only 10% goes to the producers. Small growers dominate the production of coffee, especially in Latin American countries such as Peru. Coffee is the {{clarify|text=fastest expanding|date=March 2022}} fairly traded commodity, and an increasing{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} number of producers are small farmers that own their own land and work in cooperatives. The incomes of growers of fair trade coffee beans depend on the market value of coffee where it is consumed, so farmers of fair trade coffee do not necessarily live above the poverty line or get completely {{clarify|text=fair prices|date=March 2022}} for their commodity.<ref name="ReferenceA">Ransom, David. ''The No-nonsense Guide to Fair Trade.'' Oxford: New Internationalist Publications, 2001</ref>

Unsustainable farming practices can harm plantation owners and laborers. Unsustainable practices such as using {{clarify|text=chemicals|date=March 2022}} and unshaded growing are risky. Small growers who put themselves at economic risk by not having {{clarify|text=diverse farming practices|date=March 2022}} could lose money and resources due to fluctuating coffee prices, pest problems, or policy shifts.<ref name="Rice, Robert A 1999">Rice, Robert A (1999). "A Place Unbecoming: The Coffee Farm of Northern Latin America." ''Geographical Review'': 89(4): 554–579.</ref>

The effectiveness of Fairtrade is questionable; workers on Fairtrade farms have a lower standard of living than on similar farms outside the Fairtrade system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/05/agriculture-ethiopia-and-uganda?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/bl/notsofairtrade|access-date=3 July 2014|title=Agriculture in Ethiopia and Uganda: Not so fair trade|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192341/http://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/05/agriculture-ethiopia-and-uganda?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Fbl%2Fnotsofairtrade|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Sustainability ====
As coffee becomes one of the most important export crops in certain regions such as northern Latin America, nature and agriculture are transformed. Increased productivity requires technological innovations, and the coffee agroecosystem has been changing. In the nineteenth century in Latin America, coffee plantations began replacing sugarcane and subsistence crops. Coffee crops became more managed; they were put into rows and unshaded, meaning diversity of the forest was decreased and [[Coffea]] trees shortened. As plant and tree diversity decreased, so did animal diversity. Unshaded plantations allow a higher density of Coffea trees, are less protected from wind and lead to more soil erosion. Technified{{Clarification needed|date=August 2023}} coffee plantations also use chemicals such as fertilizers, insecticides, and fungicides.<ref name="Rice, Robert A 1999" />

Fair trade certified commodities must adhere to sustainable agro-ecological practices, including reduction of chemical fertilizer use, prevention of erosion, and protection of forests. Coffee plantations are more likely to be fair trade certified if they use traditional farming practices with shading and without chemicals. This protects the biodiversity of the ecosystem and ensures that the land will be usable for farming in the future and not just for short-term planting.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura 2000" /> In the United States, 85% of fair trade certified coffee is also organic.<ref name="ReferenceB">DeCarlo, Jacqueline. ''Fair Trade: A Beginner's Guide''. Oxford, England: Oneworld, 2007</ref>

==== Consumer attitudes ====
Consumers typically have positive attitudes about products that are ethically made. These products may promise fair labor conditions, protection of the environment, and protection of human rights. Fair trade products meet standards like these. Despite positive attitudes toward ethical products such as fair trade commodities, consumers often are not willing to pay higher prices for fair trade coffee. The attitude-behavior gap can help explain why ethical and fair trade products take up less than 1% of the market. Coffee consumers may say they are willing to pay a premium for fair trade coffee, but most consumers are more concerned with the brand, label, and flavor of the coffee. However, socially conscious consumers with a commitment to buying fair trade products are more likely to pay the premium associated with fair trade coffee.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pelsmacker | first1 = De | last2 = Patrick | last3 = Driesen | first3 = Liesbeth | last4 = Rayp | first4 = Glenn | year = 2005| title = Do Consumers Care about Ethics? Willingness to Pay for Fair-Trade Coffee | journal = Journal of Consumer Affairs | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 363–385 | doi=10.1111/j.1745-6606.2005.00019.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> When a sufficient number of consumers begin purchasing fair trade, companies will be more likely to carry fair trade products. [[Safeway Inc.]] began carrying fair trade coffee after individual consumers dropped off postcards asking for it.<ref name="ReferenceC">Jaffee, Daniel. ''Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival''. Berkeley: University of California, 2007</ref>

====Coffee companies====
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The following coffee roasters and companies claim to offer fair trade coffee or some roasts that are fair trade certified:
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* Anodyne Coffee Roasting Company <ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016">{{cite book | last1=Erdo?du | first1=M.M. | last2=Arun | first2=T. | last3=Ahmad | first3=I.H. | title=Handbook of Research on Green Economic Development Initiatives and Strategies | publisher=IGI Global | series=Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-5225-0441-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFWiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA565 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=565}}</ref>
* Breve Coffee Company <ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016"/>
* [[Cafedirect]]<ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016"/><ref>{{cite web | last=Press | first=Susan | title=World's first Fairtrade nut-farming co-op celebrates tenth birthday | website=Co-operative News | date=February 6, 2017 | url=https://www.thenews.coop/112412/sector/worker-coops/worlds-first-fairtrade-nut-farming-co-op-celebrates-tenth-birthday/ | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=November 14, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114095042/https://www.thenews.coop/112412/sector/worker-coops/worlds-first-fairtrade-nut-farming-co-op-celebrates-tenth-birthday/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Counter Culture Coffee]]<ref>{{cite book | last1=Haarstad | first1=H. | last2=Amen | first2=M. | last3=Clair | first3=A.L.S. | title=Social Movements, the Poor and the New Politics of the Americas | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Rethinking Globalizations | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-134-92255-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKjsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=67}}</ref>
* [[Equal Exchange]]<ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016"/>
* [[Gepa The Fair Trade Company|GEPA]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Langen | first=N. | title=Ethics in Consumer Choice: An Empirical Analysis based on the Example of Coffee | publisher=Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden | series=SpringerLink | year=2012 | isbn=978-3-658-00759-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2m0YEz2QHgC&pg=PA108 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=108}}</ref>
* [[Keurig]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keurig.com/responsible-coffee|title=Committed to 100% Responsibly Sourced Coffee|website=www.keurig.com}}</ref>
* [[Just Us!]]<ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016"/>
* [[Peace Coffee]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Jedlicka | first=W. | title=Packaging Sustainability: Tools, Systems and Strategies for Innovative Package Design | publisher=Wiley | series=EBL-Schweitzer | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-119-10386-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujAABwAAQBAJ&pg=PT118 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | pages=pt118–119}}</ref>
* [[Pura Vida Coffee]]<ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016"/>
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