Editing Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (section)

=== Pain management ===
Successful treatment of chronic pain in EDS requires a multidisciplinary team. The ways to manage pain can be to modify pain management techniques used in the normal population. Pain is classified into several types. One is [[nociceptive]], which is caused by an injury sustained to tissues. Another is [[neuropathic pain]], caused by abnormal signals by the nervous system. In many cases, the pain individuals experience is an unequal mix of the two. [[Physiotherapy]] (exercise rehabilitation) can be helpful, especially in stabilizing the core and the joints. Stretching exercises must be reduced to slow and gentle stretching to reduce the risks of dislocations or subluxations. Usable methods may include posture reeducation, muscle release, joint mobilization, trunk stabilization, and manual therapy for overworked muscles. [[Cognitive behavioural therapy]] is used in many chronic pain patients, especially those who have severe, chronic, life-controlling pain that is unresponsive to treatment. It has not been checked for efficiency in clinical trials. The state of pain management with EDS is considered insufficient.<ref name="Chopra_2017" />

==== Medications ====
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ([[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]]) may help if the pain is caused by inflammation. However, long-term use of NSAIDs is often a risk factor for gastrointestinal, renal, and blood-related side effects. It can worsen symptoms of [[mast cell activation syndrome]], a disease that may be associated with EDS. [[Acetaminophen]] can be used to avoid the bleeding-related side effects of NSAIDs.<ref name="Chopra_2017" />

[[Lidocaine]] can be applied topically after subluxations and painful gums. It can also be injected into painful areas in the case of musculoskeletal pain.<ref name="Chopra_2017" />

If the pain is neuropathic in origin, [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s in low doses, [[anticonvulsant]]s, and [[selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]]s can be used.<ref name="Chopra_2017" />

====Dislocation and subluxation management====
When a dislocation or subluxation does occur, muscle spasms and stress tend to occur, increasing pain and reducing the chances of the dislocation/subluxation naturally relieving. Methods to support a joint after such an incident include the usage of a sling to hold the joint in place and allow it to relax. Orthopedic casts are not advised as there could be pain if unrelaxed muscles are still trying to spasm out against the cast. Other solutions to promote relaxation are heat, gentle massaging, and mental distractions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dislocation/Subluxation Management |url=https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/dislocation-subluxation-management/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=The Ehlers Danlos Society}}</ref>