Editing Economy of Turkmenistan (section)

==Macro-economic trends==
The following table shows the main official economic indicators in 1993–2020 as provided by the Turkmenistan government to the International Monetary Fund.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=925&s=NGDP_RPCH,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=65&pr.y=1|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en-US}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Year
!GDP (in bil. US$ PPP)
!GDP per capita (in US$ PPP)
!GDP (in bil. US$ nominal)
!GDP growth (real)
!Inflation (in Percent)
!Government debt (in % of GDP)
|-
!1993
|10.9
|2,975
|15.9
|−10.0 %
|3,102.4 %
|...
|-
!1995
|8.9
|2,070
|12.7
|−7.2 %
|1,005.2 %
|...
|-
!2000
|11.6
|2,554
|16.8
|18.6 %
|23.6 %
|44 %
|-
!2005
|27.5
|5,755
|39.9
|13.0 %
|10.7 %
|5 %
|-
!2006
|31.4
|6,509
|45.6
|11.0 %
|8.2 %
|3 %
|-
!2007
|35.8
|7,335
|52.1
|11.1 %
|6.3 %
|2 %
|-
!2008
|41.9
|8,478
|60.9
|14.7 %
|14.5 %
|3 %
|-
!2009
|44.8
|8,954
|65.0
|6.1 %
|−2.7 %
|2 %
|-
!2010
|49.6
|9,740
|76.5
|9.2 %
|4.4 %
|4 %
|-
!2011
|58.0
|11,212
|88.1
|14.7 %
|5.3 %
|10 %
|-
!2012
|65.6
|12,455
|90.1
|11.0 %
|5.3 %
|18 %
|-
!2013
|73.5
|13,687
|89.5
|10.2 %
|6.8 %
|20 %
|-
!2014
|82.5
|15,093
|94.1
|10.3 %
|6.0 %
|17 %
|-
!2015
|88.8
|15,952
|93.8
|6.4 %
|7.4 %
|22 %
|-
!2016
|95.5
|16,922
|90.5
|6.2 %
|3.6 %
|24 %
|-
!2017
|81.8
|14,324
|100.0
|6.5 %
|8.0 %
|31 %
|-
!2018
|88.9
|15,048
|103.3
|6.2 %
|13.3 %
|31 %
|-
!2019
|96.2
|15,766
|101.6
|6.3 %
|5.1 %
|33 %
|-
!2020
|99.3
|15,810
|99.9
|1.8 %
|8.0 %
|31 %
|}

The accuracy of [[GDP]] figures has been called into doubt by the [[Asian Development Bank]], which in 2006 noted, "According to official statistics, the economy continued to grow rapidly in 2005, but actual growth was likely much lower than the official estimate. Government has overstated growth in the past."<ref name=adb>{{cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/27711/tkm.pdf|title=Turkmenistan|date=2006}}</ref> The [[UK]] government's ''Overseas Business Risk'' report for 2021 notes, "No reliable economic data are published in Turkmenistan. Most sources cite figures which the government releases to the international financial institutions. These do not always square with observation on the ground."<ref name=uk>{{cite web|url= https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/overseas-business-risk-turkmenistan/overseas-business-risk-turkmenistan|title=Overseas Business Risk - Turkmenistan|date=15 February 2021|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom}}</ref>  Outside observers have also expressed skepticism about the official figures for the rate of inflation.<ref name=hanke1>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/turkmenistan-in-a-skid-berdymukhammedov-pedals-on/29289107.html|title=Spinning Its Wheels: With Turkmenistan In A Skid, Berdymukhammedov Pedals On|first=Pete|last=Baumgartner|date=13 June 2018|publisher=RFE/RL}}</ref><ref name=hanke2>{{cite news|url=https://akipress.com/news:607461:American_professor_says_Turkmenistan_has_second_highest_inflation_rate_in_the_world_-_294_/|title=American professor says Turkmenistan has second highest inflation rate in the world - 294%|date=7 June 2018|publisher=AKI Press}}</ref><ref name=aljazeera>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/7/15/hyperinflation-and-hunger-turkmenistan-on-edge-of-catastrophe|title=Hyperinflation and hunger: Turkmenistan on 'edge of catastrophe'|date=15 July 2019|first=Madeline|last=Roache|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> In the June 2021 ''Global Economic Prospects'' report, the [[World Bank]] excluded Turkmenistan "<nowiki>[</nowiki>d<nowiki>]</nowiki>ue to lack of reliable data of adequate quality".<ref name=wbgep2021>{{cite web|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/35647/9781464816659.pdf |title=Global Economic Prospects |date=June 2021 |publisher=[[World Bank]]|page=4}}</ref>

At a session of the [[Cabinet of Ministers (Turkmenistan)|Cabinet of Ministers]] on 11 March 2021, government officials revealed that in "recent years" Turkmenistan had borrowed over US$14&nbsp;billion in foreign exchange loans from foreign creditors, of which US$5&nbsp;billion remained outstanding as of 8 March 2021.<ref name=altynasyr1>{{cite news|url=https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/ru/post/52760/effektivnoe-osvoenie-inostrannyh-investicij-i-gramotnyj-marketing-na-povestke-pravitelstvennogo-soveshchaniya|title=Эффективное освоение иностранных инвестиций и грамотный маркетинг – на повестке дня правительственного совещания|date=11 March 2021|language=Russian|publisher=«Туркменистан: золотой век»}}</ref><ref name=altynasyr2>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPvKR1TAr0U |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/bPvKR1TAr0U| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Watan 11.03.2021|publisher=Altyn Asyr}}{{cbignore}} video at 37:15</ref> However, a chart shown on television indicated debt in 2021 of US$1.3524 billion.<ref name=altynasyr2 /><ref name=hronika1>{{cite news|url=https://www.hronikatm.com/2021/03/payback-time/ |title=Бердымухамедов озаботился возвратом иностранных кредитов | date=12 March 2021 |language=ru |publisher=Chronicles of Turkmenistan}}</ref> Opposition media seized on this figure to estimate GDP of US$12.3 billion based on a statement by Central Bank Chairman Rahimberdi Jepbarov that external debt equals 11% of GDP.<ref name=hronika2>{{cite news|url=https://www.hronikatm.com/2021/09/gdp-shenanigans/ |title=Глава Внешэкономбанка назвал объем внешнего долга Туркменистана. Он не соответствует заявляемому ВВП страны |date=13 September 2021 |language=ru |publisher=Chronicles of Turkmenistan}}</ref>

In June 2021, official state media reported that debts to China for construction of natural gas pipelines had been paid in full.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/turkmenistan-says-china-gas-pipeline-debt-paid-off/articleshow/83459369.cms |title=Turkmenistan says China gas pipeline debt paid off |date=12 June 2021 |publisher=[[Agence France Press]]}}</ref><ref name=eunet2021>{{cite news|url=https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistan-chinese-debt-trap-unlocked |title=Turkmenistan: Chinese debt trap unlocked |date=15 June 2021 |publisher=Eurasianet}}</ref>