Editing Economy of Russia (section)

===Services===

====Retail====
As of 2013, Russians spent 60% of their pre-tax income on shopping, the highest percentage in Europe. This is possible because many Russians pay no rent or house payments, owning their own home after privatization of state-owned Soviet housing. [[Shopping mall]]s were popular with international investors and shoppers from the emerging middle class. Russia had over 1,000 shopping malls in 2020, although in 2022, many international companies left Russia resulting in empty stores in malls.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Proliferation Of Shopping Malls In Russia |url=https://www.denvermart.com/the-proliferation-of-shopping-malls-in-russia/#google_vignette |date=8 January 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821173443/https://www.denvermart.com/the-proliferation-of-shopping-malls-in-russia/#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[supermarket]] selling groceries is a typical anchor store in a Russian mall.<ref name=NYT010113>{{cite news|title=Malls Blossom in Russia, With a Middle Class|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html|access-date=2 January 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1 January 2013|author=Andrew E. Kramer|quote=I feel like I'm in Disneyland|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111224622/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Retail sales in Russia'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Retail trade revenue in Russia from 2010 to 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1016467/russia-retail-trade-volume/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410073823/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1016467/russia-retail-trade-volume/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width:120px;"| '''Year'''
| 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2012 || 2013 || 2014 || 2015 || 2016 || 2017 || 2018 || 2019 || 2020 || 2021 || 2022
|-
! style="width:120px;"| '''Total retail sales (RUB trillions)'''
| 14.60 ||16.49 ||19.08||21.3||23.7||26.4||27.6||29.75||27.88||31.58||33.62||33.56||39.47||42.51
|}

====Telecommunications====
{{main|Telecommunications in Russia|Internet in Russia}}
Russia's telecommunications industry is growing in size and maturity. As of December 2007, there were an estimated 4,900,000 broadband lines in Russia.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lenta.ru |url=http://it.tut.by/news/97330.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625003353/http://it.tut.by/news/97330.html |archive-date=25 June 2009 |title=Internet usage statistic |publisher=It.tut.by |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>

{{As of|2020}}, 122,488,468 Russians (85% of the country's total population) were Internet users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are four national mobile phone networks, MegaFon, Tele2, Beeline and MTS with total subscriptions between 2011 and 2021 ranging between 200 and 240 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of mobile cellular subscriptions in Russia from 2000 to 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/501076/number-of-mobile-cellular-subscriptions-in-russia/ |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821162513/https://www.statista.com/statistics/501076/number-of-mobile-cellular-subscriptions-in-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Transportation====
{{main|Transport in Russia|Russian Railways}}
[[File:VL 85-022 container train.jpg|thumb|The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], the longest railway-line in the world, as seen across the coast of [[Lake Baikal]]]]
[[File:"Russian bridge" in Vladivostok city.jpg|thumb|The [[Russky Bridge]] in [[Vladivostok]] is the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world.]]
[[Rail transport in Russia|Railway transport in Russia]] is mostly under the control of the state-run [[Russian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ar2017.rzd.ru/pdf/ar/en/results-review_operational_passenger.pdf|title=Passenger transportation|publisher=[[Russian Railways]]|date=2017|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806023840/https://ar2017.rzd.ru/pdf/ar/en/results-review_operational_passenger.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's [[List of countries by rail transport network size|third-longest]], and exceeds {{convert|87157|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison|title=Railways – The World Factbook|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Russia has [[Roads by country|1,452.2 thousand&nbsp;km of roads]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://government.ru/info/22865/|title=О развитии дорожной инфраструктуры|trans-title=On the development of road infrastructure|work=[[Government of Russia]]|date=29 April 2016|access-date=14 January 2021|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901004438/http://government.ru/info/22865/|url-status=live}}</ref> and its road density is among the world's lowest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldroadstatistics.org/europe-central-asia-continue-to-report-the-worlds-highest-road-network-density-followed-by-east-asia-and-pacific/|title=Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific.|work=International Road Federation|date=16 December 2020|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083620/https://worldroadstatistics.org/europe-central-asia-continue-to-report-the-worlds-highest-road-network-density-followed-by-east-asia-and-pacific/|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia's inland waterways are the world's [[List of countries by waterways length|second-longest]], and total {{convert|102000|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison|title=Waterways – The World Factbook|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison|url-status=live}}</ref> Among [[List of airports in Russia|Russia's 1,218 airports]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison|title=Airports – The World Factbook|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=3 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403171702/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest]] is [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svo.aero/en/about/sheremetyevo-today|title=Sheremetyevo today|work=www.svo.aero|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530024759/https://www.svo.aero/en/about/sheremetyevo-today|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russia's largest port is the [[Port of Novorossiysk]] in [[Krasnodar Krai]] along the Black Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1023550/russia-cargo-throughput-by-port/|title=Cargo throughput volume in Russia in 2020, by port|work=[[Statista]]|author=D. Elagina|date=22 January 2021|quote="The Russian sea port Novorossiysk, located in the Azov-Black Sea basin, handled almost 142 million metric tons of cargo in 2020 and became the leading port in the country by the cargo throughput."|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130453/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1023550/russia-cargo-throughput-by-port/|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia is the world's sole country to operate [[nuclear-powered icebreaker]]s, which advance the economic exploitation of the Arctic [[continental shelf of Russia]], and the development of sea trade through the [[Northern Sea Route]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poseidonexpeditions.com/about/articles/nuclear-icebreakers-what-s-so-special-about-them/|title=Nuclear icebreakers – what's so special about them?|work=[[Poseidon Expeditions]]|quote="Russia is the only country constructing nuclear-powered icebreakers in the world. They were purposely built for the strategic importance of the Northern Sea Route and a more evident need to guarantee the safety of the Russian trade vessels in winter and Arctic settlements' dependency on supplies."|access-date=24 May 2021|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524112552/https://poseidonexpeditions.com/about/articles/nuclear-icebreakers-what-s-so-special-about-them/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Construction====
[[File:NUTEP and KSK.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Novorossiysk]]]]
In 2022, construction was worth 13 trillion rubles, 5% more than in 2021. Residential construction in 2022 reached {{convert|126.7|e6m2|abbr=off}}.<ref name="mos218">{{cite web |title=RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: MOVING UPWARD? |url=https://mosbuild.com/en/media/news/2023/june/19/russian-construction-industry |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821175605/https://mosbuild.com/en/media/news/2023/june/19/russian-construction-industry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 2020&ndash;2030 target for construction is {{convert|1|e9m2|abbr=off}} of housing, 20% of all housing stock to be renovated and to increase space from {{convert|27.8|m2}} up to {{convert|33.3|m2}} per person.<ref name="mos218"/>

====Insurance====
According to the Central Bank of Russia 422 insurance companies operate on the Russian insurance market by the end of 2013. The concentration of insurance business is significant across all major segments except {{ill|compulsory motor third party liability market (CMTPL)|ru|Обязательное страхование гражданской ответственности владельцев транспортных средств|vertical-align=sup}}, as the top 10 companies in 2013 charged 58.1% premiums in total without compulsory health insurance (CHI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgs.ru/media/CSR/Insurance_market_results_2013_ENG.pdf|title=Russian Insurance Market in 2013|publisher=Rgs.ru|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903045929/http://www.rgs.ru/media/CSR/Insurance_market_results_2013_ENG.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Russian insurance market in 2013 demonstrated quite significant rate of growth in operations. Total amount of premiums charged (without CHI) in 2013 is RUB 904.9 bln (increase on 11.8% compared to 2012), total amount of claims paid is RUB 420.8 bln (increase on 13.9% compared to 2012). Premiums to GDP ratio (total without CHI) in 2013 increased to 1.36% compared to 1.31 a year before. The share of premiums in household spending increased to 1.39%. Level of claims paid on the market total without CHI is 46.5%, an insufficient increase compared to 2012. The number of policies in 2013 increased on 0.1% compared to 2012, to 139.6 mln policies.

Although relative indicators of the Russian insurance market returned to pre-crisis levels, the progress is achieved mainly by the increase of life insurance and accident insurance, the input of these two market segments in premium growth in 2013 largely exceeds their share on the market. As before, life insurance and accident insurance are often used by banks as an appendix to a credit contract protecting creditors from the risk of credit default in case of borrower's death or disability. The rise of these lines is connected, evidently, with the increase in consumer loans, as the total sum of credit obligations of population in 2013 increased by 28% to RUB 9.9 trillion. At the same time premium to GDP ratio net of life and accident insurance remained at the same level of 1.1% as in 2012. Thus, if "banking" lines of business are excluded, Russian insurance market is in stagnation stage for the last four years, as premiums to GDP ratio net of life and accident insurance remains at the same level of 1.1% since 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fa.ru/chair/priklsoc/Documents/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%202013%20%D0%B3._eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102161708/http://www.fa.ru/chair/priklsoc/Documents/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%202013%20%D0%B3._1%20eng.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=dead |title=Russian Insurance Market in 2013 |last=Zubet |first=Alexei |publisher=[[Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation|Financial University, Moscow]] |access-date=30 August 2022 }}</ref>

====Information technology====
{{main|Information technology in Russia}}
[[File:Graduates in tertiary education-thousands.jpg|thumb|Russia has more academic graduates than any other country in Europe (and world leader in percentage of population with associate degree or higher: 54%, compared to 31% in UK<ref>[[Huffington Post]]: [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/22/countries-with-the-most-c_n_655393.html#s117394&title=United_Kingdom_318 Countries With The MOST College Graduates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013023/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_66164c64-d4d7-44b3-8c39-b2bcc770109f#s117394&title=United_Kingdom_318 |date=12 November 2020 }} retrieved 27 September 2013</ref>).]]

The IT market is one of the most dynamic sectors of the Russian economy. Russian software exports have risen from just $120&nbsp;million in 2000 to $3.3&nbsp;billion in 2010.<ref name="Russoft">{{cite web |url=http://russoft.ru/files/RUSSOFT_Survey_8_en.pdf |title=The 8th Annual Survey of the Russian Software Export Industry |publisher=Russoft |date=22 November 2011 |access-date=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514052010/http://russoft.ru/files/RUSSOFT_Survey_8_en.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since the year 2000 the IT market has started growth rates of 30–40% a year, growing by 54% in 2006 alone. The biggest sector in terms of revenue is system and network integration, which accounts for 28.3% of the total market revenues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silicontaiga.org/home.asp?artId=6539|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930093355/http://www.silicontaiga.org/home.asp?artId=6539|archive-date=30 September 2007 |title=Russian IT market worth $2,4 billion |publisher=Silicon Taiga |date=26 December 2006 |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> Meanwhile, the fastest growing segment of the IT market is [[offshore programming]].

[[File:Beriev aircraft factory Taganrog.jpg|thumb|Interior of the Beriev Scientific and Technical Complex in [[Taganrog]]]]

The government has launched a program promoting construction of IT-oriented technology parks (Technoparks)—special zones that have an established infrastructure and enjoy a favorable tax and customs regime, in seven different locations: Moscow, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, Tumen, Republic of Tatarstan and St. Peterburg Region.<ref name="Russoft"/>

Under a [[Order of the Government of Russia|government decree]] signed in June 2013, a special "roadmap" is expected to ease business suppliers' access to the procurement programs of state-owned infrastructure monopolies, including such large ones as [[Gazprom]], [[Rosneft]], [[Russian Railways]], [[Rosatom]], and [[Transneft]]. These companies will be expected to increase the proportion of domestic technology solutions they use in their operations. The decree puts special emphasis on purchases of innovation products and technologies. According to the new decree, by 2015, government-connected companies must double their purchases of Russian technology solutions compared to the 2013 level and their purchasing levels must quadruple by 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://russoft.org/docs/?doc=2460| title =Medvedev's Cabinet compels state-owned corporations to buy Russian technology| work =[[Russoft]]| access-date =23 June 2013| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131219044720/http://www.russoft.org/docs/?doc=2460| archive-date =19 December 2013| url-status =dead}}</ref>

Russia is one of the few countries in the world with a homegrown [[internet search engine]] with a significant marketshare as the Russian-based search engine [[Yandex]] is used by 53.8% of internet users in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21555560|title=The internet business in Russia: Europe's great exception – The Economist|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=14 March 2015|date=19 May 2012|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118072812/http://www.economist.com/node/21555560|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techrobo.org/popular-search-engines-world-top-ten-list/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506082831/http://www.techrobo.org/popular-search-engines-world-top-ten-list/|archive-date=6 May 2015|title=Most Popular Search Engines in the World – Top Ten List – Tech Robo|work=Tech Robo|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://topmira.com/internet/item/1-samye-populjarnye-poiskoviki-runeta|title=Самые популярные поисковые системы в России|publisher=Topmira.com|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313031332/http://topmira.com/internet/item/1-samye-populjarnye-poiskoviki-runeta|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Known Russian IT companies are [[ABBYY]] ([[FineReader]] OCR system and Lingvo dictionaries), [[Kaspersky Lab]] ([[Kaspersky Anti-Virus]], [[Kaspersky Internet Security]]), [[Mail.Ru]] (portal, search engine, mail service, Mail.ru Agent messenger, [[ICQ]], [[Odnoklassniki]] social network, online media sources).

====Tourism====
{{Main|Tourism in Russia}}
[[File:Grand Cascade in Peterhof 01.jpg|thumb|[[Peterhof Palace]] in Saint Petersburg, a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]]]
According to a [[World Tourism Organization|UNWTO]] report, Russia is the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, as of 2018, with 24.6 million visits.<ref name="unwto">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.6|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer English Version|publisher=[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO)|year=2020|volume=18|pages=18|language=en|doi=10.18111/wtobarometereng|issn=1728-9246|issue=6|url-access=subscription|access-date=13 February 2021|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029182723/https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.6|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia is ranked 39th in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Uppink Calderwood|first1=Lauren|last2=Soshkin|first2=Maksim|editor-last=Fisher|editor-first=Mike|title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2019.pdf|access-date=11 November 2020|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|location=Geneva|page=xiii|isbn=978-2-940631-01-8|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904142913/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Federal Agency for Tourism (Russia)|Federal Agency for Tourism]], the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Выборочная статистическая информация, рассчитанная в соответствии с Официальной статистической методологией оценки числа въездных и выездных туристских поездок – Ростуризм|trans-title=Selected statistical information calculated in accordance with the Official Statistical Methodology for Estimating the Number of Inbound and Outbound Tourist Trips – Rostourism|url=https://tourism.gov.ru/contents/statistika/statisticheskie-pokazateli-vzaimnykh-poezdok-grazhdan-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-grazhdan-inostrannykh-gosudarstv/vyborochnaya-statisticheskaya-informatsiya-rasschitannaya-v-sootvetstvii-s-ofitsialnoy-statisticheskoy-metodologiey-otsenki-chisla-vezdnykh-i-vyezdnykh-turistskikh-poezdok/|access-date=11 November 2020|website=tourism.gov.ru|publisher=[[Federal Agency for Tourism (Russia)]]|language=ru|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122202242/https://tourism.gov.ru/contents/statistika/statisticheskie-pokazateli-vzaimnykh-poezdok-grazhdan-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-grazhdan-inostrannykh-gosudarstv/vyborochnaya-statisticheskaya-informatsiya-rasschitannaya-v-sootvetstvii-s-ofitsialnoy-statisticheskoy-metodologiey-otsenki-chisla-vezdnykh-i-vyezdnykh-turistskikh-poezdok/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion.<ref name="unwto" /> In 2020, tourism accounted for about 4% of country's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2020|title=Вице-премьер считает, что вклад туризма в ВВП России может вырасти в три раза за 10 лет|trans-title=Deputy Prime Minister believes that the contribution of tourism to Russia's GDP could triple in 10 years|url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/9558261|access-date=11 November 2020|website=ТАСС|publisher=[[TASS]]|language=ru|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003015106/https://tass.ru/ekonomika/9558261|url-status=live}}</ref> Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the [[Golden Ring (Russia)|Golden Ring]] [[theme route]] of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the [[Volga]], and journeys on the famous [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-unwto.org/content/r13521/fulltext.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112082549/http://www.e-unwto.org/content/r13521/fulltext.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2015|title=Tourism Highlights 2014|publisher=UNWTO (World Tourism Organization)|date=2014|access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include [[Red Square]], the [[Peterhof Palace]], the [[Kazan Kremlin]], the [[Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius]] and [[Lake Baikal]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vlasov|first=Artem|date=17 December 2018|title=Названы самые популярные достопримечательности России|trans-title=The most popular sights of Russia are named|url=https://iz.ru/824446/2018-12-17/nazvany-samye-populiarnye-dostoprimechatelnosti-rossii|access-date=15 December 2020|website=[[Izvestia]]|language=ru|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217185705/https://iz.ru/824446/2018-12-17/nazvany-samye-populiarnye-dostoprimechatelnosti-rossii|url-status=live}}</ref>