Editing Dome (section)

=== South Asian domes ===
{{Main|History of South Asian domes}}
[[File:Taj Mahal 2012.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], [[India]] built by [[Shah Jahan]].]]
Hemispherical [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] tombs appear to imitate in stone the early bamboo or timber roofed domed huts with central poles known from the pre-[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] period. Examples include [[Barabar Caves#Sudama cave|Sudama cave]] (3rd century BC) in [[Bihar]], a similar domed chamber at [[Kannur|Cannanora]] in [[Malabar District|Malabar]], and a cave at [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments|Guntpalle]] (1st century BC). A rock-cut hemispherical chamber at Manappuram in [[Kerala]] retained a thin central pillar with no structural function.{{sfn|Kim|1960|pp=164-165}} The hemispherical shape of Buddist [[stupa]]s, likely refined forms of burial mounds, may also reflect earlier wooden dome roof construction, such as at [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]].{{sfn|Kim|1960|pp=165-166}}

[[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic rule over northern and central India]] brought with it the use of domes constructed with stone, brick and mortar, and iron dowels and cramps. Centering was made from timber and bamboo. The use of iron cramps to join together adjacent stones was known in pre-Islamic India, and was used at the base of domes for hoop reinforcement. The synthesis of styles created by this introduction of new forms to the [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu tradition]] of [[Post and lintel|trabeate]] construction created a distinctive architecture.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|pp=1941, 1943–1944}} Domes in pre-Mughal India have a standard squat circular shape with a lotus design and bulbous finial at the top, derived from Hindu architecture. Because the Hindu architectural tradition did not include arches, flat corbels were used to transition from the corners of the room to the dome, rather than squinches.{{sfn|Peterson|1996|p=68}} In contrast to Persian and Ottoman domes, the domes of Indian tombs tend to be more bulbous.{{sfn|Nuttgens|1997|p=157}}
[[File:PK Thatta asv2020-02 img08 Shah Jahan Mosque.jpg|thumb|The [[Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta|Shah Jahan Mosque]]'s main dome in [[Thatta]], [[Pakistan]], has tiles arranged in a [[Star-shaped|stellate]] pattern to represent the night sky.]]
The earliest examples include the half-domes of the late 13th century [[tomb of Balban]] and the small dome of the tomb of Khan Shahid, which were made of roughly cut material and would have needed covering surface finishes.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|pp=1944, 1946–1947}} Under the [[Lodi dynasty]] there was a large proliferation of tomb building, with octagonal plans reserved for royalty and square plans used for others of high rank, and the first double dome was introduced to India in this period.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|p=1948}} The first major [[Mughal architecture|Mughal building]] is the domed [[Humayun's Tomb|tomb of Humayun]], built between 1562 and 1571 by a Persian architect. The central double dome covers an octagonal central chamber about 15 meters wide and is accompanied by small domed [[Chhatri|chattri]] made of brick and faced with stone.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|pp=1944, 1948–1949}} [[Chhatri|Chatri]]s, the domed kiosks on pillars characteristic of Mughal roofs, were adopted from their Hindu use as [[cenotaph]]s.{{sfn|Peterson|1996|p=200}} The fusion of Persian and Indian architecture can be seen in the dome shape of the [[Taj Mahal]]: the bulbous shape derives from Persian Timurid domes, and the [[finial]] with lotus leaf base is derived from Hindu temples.{{sfn|Peterson|1996|p=68}} The [[Gol Gumbaz]], or ''Round Dome'', is one of the largest masonry domes in the world. It has an internal diameter of 41.15 meters and a height of 54.25 meters.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|pp=1949–1950}} The dome was the most technically advanced built in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1987|p=15}} The last major Islamic tomb built in India was the [[Tomb of Safdarjung|tomb of Safdar Jang]] (1753–54). The central dome is reportedly triple-shelled, with two relatively flat inner brick domes and an outer bulbous marble dome, although it may actually be that the marble and second brick domes are joined everywhere but under the lotus leaf finial at the top.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|pp=1950–1951}}