Editing Dissociative identity disorder (section)

===In popular culture===
The public's long fascination with DID has led to a number of different books and films,<ref name="Guidelines2011" />{{rp|style=ama|p= 169}} with many representations described as increasing stigma by perpetuating the myth that people with mental illness are usually dangerous.<ref name="Cinema">{{Cite book |last=Shally-Jensen |first=Michael |year=2013 |title=Mental Health Care Issues in America: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-013-3 |pages=421 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOKhOXCxR8cC&pg=PA421}}</ref> Movies about DID have been also criticized for poor representation of both DID and its treatment, including "greatly overrepresenting" the role of hypnosis in therapy,<ref name="Gabbard">{{cite book |last1=Gabbard |first1=Glen O. |last2=Gabbard |first2=Krin |date=1999 |title=Psychiatry and the Cinema |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-0-88048-964-5 |pages=28–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D42m3IIrEDoC}}</ref> showing a significantly smaller number of personalities than many people with DID have,<ref name="DoalMedia" /><ref name="Gabbard" /><ref name="seattleobituary" /> and misrepresenting people with DID as having theatrical and blatant switches between very conspicuous and different alters.<ref name="Hunterbook">{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Noël |date=2018-06-20 |df=dmy-all |title=Trauma and Madness in Mental Health Services |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-91752-8 |pages=98–102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyVhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99}}</ref> Some movies are parodies and ridicule DID, for instance, ''[[Me, Myself & Irene]]'', which also incorrectly states that DID is [[schizophrenia]].<ref name="ButlerDidIt">{{cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=P. |date=2001-06-01 |df=dmy-all |title=The butler(s) DID it – dissociative identity disorder in cinema |journal=Medical Humanities |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=26–29 |doi=10.1136/mh.27.1.26 |doi-access=free |pmid=23670548}}</ref> In some stories, DID is used as a plot device, e.g. in ''[[Fight Club]]'', and in [[whodunnit]] stories like ''[[Secret Window]]''.<ref name="WeddingMovies" /><ref name="ButlerDidIt" />

''[[United States of Tara]]'' was reported to be the first US television series with DID as its focus, and a professional commentary on each episode was published by the [[International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation]].<ref name="isstd-Tara">{{cite web |date=2012-02-27 |title=United States of Tara and Dissociative Disorders |website=isst-d.org |url=http://www.isst-d.org/education/united_states_of_tara-ISSTD-information.htm |access-date=2020-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227100312/http://www.isst-d.org/education/united_states_of_tara-ISSTD-information.htm |archive-date=2012-02-27}}</ref><ref name="Halter2017">{{cite book |last=Wheeler | first=Kathleen | year=2017 |editor1-last=Halter |editor1-first=M.J. | title=Varcarolis' Foundations of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing – E-Book: A Clinical Approach | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | isbn=978-0-323-41731-0 | pages=333–334 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paosDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT333 |access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref>

A number of people with DID have publicly spoken about their experiences, including comedian and talk show host [[Roseanne Barr]], who interviewed [[Truddi Chase]], author of ''When Rabbit Howls''; [[Chris Costner Sizemore]], the subject of ''[[The Three Faces of Eve]]'', Cameron West, author of [[First Person Plural|''First Person Plural: My life as a multiple'']], and [[National Football League|NFL]] player [[Herschel Walker]], author of ''Breaking Free: My life with dissociative identity disorder''.<ref name="DoalMedia">{{cite journal |last1=Doak |first1=Robert |title=Who am I this time? Multiple personality disorder and popular culture |journal=Studies in Popular Culture |date=1999 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=63–73 |jstor=23414578 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link = Herschel Walker |last1 = Walker |first1 = H. |last2= Brozek |first2= G. |last3= Maxfield |first3= C. |year = 2008 |title = Breaking Free: My life with dissociative identity disorder |publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn = 978-1-4165-3748-9 |pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=6b25K1jpw6UC&pg=PA9 9]}}</ref>

In ''The Three Faces of Eve'' (1957) hypnosis is used to identify a childhood trauma which then allows her to fuse from three identities into just one.<ref name="Gabbard" /> However, Sizemore's own books ''I'm Eve'' and ''A Mind of My Own'' revealed that this did not last; she later attempted suicide, sought further treatment, and actually had twenty-two personalities rather than three.<ref name="Gabbard" /><ref name="seattleobituary">{{cite news |title=Chris Costner Sizemore, the real patient behind ''The Three Faces of Eve'', dies at 89 |date=2016-08-05 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]] |type=obituary |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/chris-costner-sizemore-the-real-patient-behind-the-three-faces-of-eve-dies-at-89/ |access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref> Sizemore re-entered therapy and by 1974 had achieved a lasting recovery.<ref name="Gabbard" /> ''[[Voices Within: The Lives of Truddi Chase]]'' portrays many of the 92 personalities Chase described in her book ''When Rabbit Howls'', and is unusual in breaking away from the typical ending of integrating into one.<ref name="Hunterbook" /><ref name="ButlerDidIt" /> ''[[Frankie & Alice]]'' (2010), starring [[Halle Berry]] was based on a real person with DID.<ref name="WeddingMovies">{{Cite book |last1=Wedding |first1=Danny |last2=Niemiec |first2=Ryan M. |date=2014-05-01 |df=dmy-all |title=Movies and Mental Illness: Using Films to Understand Psychopathology |publisher=Hogrefe Publishing |isbn=978-1-61334-461-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Evz6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT248}}</ref> In popular culture dissociative identity disorder is often confused with [[schizophrenia]],<ref name="EncyclopediaTrauma">{{cite book |last1=Reyes |first1=Gilbert |last2=Elhai |first2=Jon D. |last3=Ford |first3=Julian D. |date=2008-12-03 |df=dmy-all |title=The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-44748-2 |pages=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3rSIn_qTkAC}}</ref> as was true of the 1958 episode "The Case of the Deadly Double" of the ''[[Perry Mason (1957 TV series)|Perry Mason]]'' TV series, where a woman shown as having two very distinct personas is described as being schizophrenic <ref>[https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/video/657960407/ "S1 E24: The Case of the Deadly Double"] [[Paramount +]]</ref> On the other hand, some movies advertised as representing dissociative identity disorder may be more representative of [[psychosis]] or [[schizophrenia]], for example [[Psycho (1960 film)|''Psycho'']] (1960).<ref name="Cinema" /><ref name="WeddingMovies" /> 

In his book ''The C.I.A. Doctors: Human Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists'', psychiatrist [[Colin A. Ross]] states that based on documents obtained through [[freedom of information legislation]], a psychiatrist linked to [[Project MKULTRA]] reported being able to deliberately induce dissociative identity disorder using a variety of highly aversive and abusive techniques, creating a [[The Manchurian Candidate|Manchurian Candidate]] for military purposes.<ref name="Vogt2019">{{cite book |last=Vogt |first=Ralf |date=2019 |title=The Traumatised Memory – Protection and Resistance: How traumatic stress encrypts itself in the body, behaviour, and soul and how to detect it |publisher=Lehmanns Media |isbn=978-3-96543-006-8 |pages=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tiGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17}}</ref><ref name="Ross2006">{{cite book |last=Ross |first=Colin A. |date=2006 |title=The C.I.A. Doctors: Human Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists |publisher=Greenleaf Book Group |isbn=978-0-9821851-9-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g19YFuKqKeUC}}</ref>

In the [[USA Network]] television production ''[[Mr. Robot]]'', the protagonist [[Elliot Alderson]] was created using anecdotal experiences of DID of the show's creator's friends. [[Sam Esmail]] said he consulted with a psychologist who "concretized" the character's mental health conditions, especially his plurality.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Giles, Matt |date=2015-09-03 |title=''Mr. Robot'' creator explains what's really going on in Elliot's mind |magazine=[[Popular Science]] |language=en-US |url=https://www.popsci.com/mr-robot-creator-explains-whats-really-going-on-in-elliots-mind/ |access-date=2022-04-24}}</ref>

In [[M. Night Shyamalan]]'s [[Unbreakable (film series)|''Unbreakable'']] superhero film series (specifically, the films [[Split (2016 American film)|''Split'']] and [[Glass (2019 film)|''Glass'']]), [[Kevin Wendell Crumb]] is diagnosed with DID, and that some of the personalities have super-human powers. Experts and advocates say the films are a negative portrayal of DID and the films promote the stigmatization of the disorder.<ref>{{cite news | title=What Shyamalan's 'Split' gets wrong about dissociative identity disorder | date=23 January 2017 | website=[[CNN]] | url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/23/health/shyamalan-split-movie-dissociative-identity-disorder/index.html}}</ref>

In the 1997 Japanese role-playing game ''[[Final Fantasy VII]]'', the protagonist [[Cloud Strife]] is shown to have an identity disorder involving [[False memory|false memories]] as a result of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD). Sharon Packer has identified Cloud as having DID.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MD |first=Sharon Packer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKDPDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 |title=Mental Illness in Popular Culture |date=2017-05-24 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-4389-1 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Marvel Comics]], the character of [[Moon Knight]] is shown to have DID. In the TV series ''[[Moon Knight (miniseries)|Moon Knight]]'' based on the comic book character, protagonist [[Marc Spector (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Marc Spector]] is depicted with DID; the website for the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]] appears in the series' end credits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moon Knight episode&nbsp;4 includes post-credits disclaimer about mental health awareness |date=22 April 2022 |website=comicbook.com |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/moon-knight-episode-4-post-credits-mental-health-awareness/}}</ref>