Editing Deng Xiaoping (section)

=== Assessment ===
Deng has been called the "architect of contemporary China"<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2018 |title=Forty years after Deng opened China, reformists are cowed |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2018/12/08/forty-years-after-deng-opened-china-reformists-are-cowed |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727200903/https://www.economist.com/china/2018/12/08/forty-years-after-deng-opened-china-reformists-are-cowed |archive-date=27 July 2019 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Huang |first=Dan Kopf, Echo |date=21 August 2018 |title=Happy birthday Deng Xiaoping: Here are 10 charts showing how he changed China |url=https://qz.com/1365629/happy-birthday-deng-xiaoping-these-charts-show-how-he-changed-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727200902/https://qz.com/1365629/happy-birthday-deng-xiaoping-these-charts-show-how-he-changed-china/ |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Quartz}}</ref> and is widely considered to have been one of the most influential figures of the 20th century.<ref name="Legacy-JapanTimes">{{Cite news |date=27 August 2014 |title=Deng Xiaoping's lasting legacy |work=[[The Japan Times]] |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/08/27/editorials/deng-xiaopings-lasting-legacy/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607215305/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/08/27/editorials/deng-xiaopings-lasting-legacy/ |archive-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> He was the [[Time Person of the Year|''Time'' Person of the Year]] in 1978 and 1985, the third Chinese leader (after [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his wife [[Soong Mei-ling]]) and the fourth time for a communist leader (after [[Joseph Stalin]], picked twice; and [[Nikita Khrushchev]]) to be selected.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Jennifer |title=A Complete Look at Time's Person of the Year List, from 1927–2017 |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/times-man-of-the-year-list-1779824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727204832/https://www.thoughtco.com/times-man-of-the-year-list-1779824 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=ThoughtCo}}</ref>

Deng is remembered primarily for the economic reforms he initiated while [[paramount leader]] of the People's Republic of China, which pivoted China towards a [[market economy]], led to high economic growth, increased [[standards of living]] of hundreds of millions,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert Dernberger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDS0GW7FH_0C&pg=PA179 |title=China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping |publisher=Sharpe |year=1993 |isbn=9781563242786 |access-date=13 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014443/https://books.google.com/books?id=mDS0GW7FH_0C&pg=PA179 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> expanded personal and cultural freedoms, and substantially integrated the country into the world economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=John |date=January 2012 |title=Review: Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China |url=https://origins.osu.edu/review/man-who-re-invented-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725131635/https://origins.osu.edu/review/man-who-re-invented-china |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Origins |publisher=The Ohio State University}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |last=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=1 November 2019 |title=Deng Xiaoping |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Deng-Xiaoping#ref343482 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004231718/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Deng-Xiaoping#ref343482 |archive-date=4 October 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kopf |first1=Dan |last2=Lahiri |first2=Tripti |date=17 December 2018 |title=The charts that show how Deng Xiaoping unleashed China's pent-up capitalist energy in 1978 |publisher=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/1498654/the-astonishing-impact-of-chinas-1978-reforms-in-charts/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930055340/https://qz.com/1498654/the-astonishing-impact-of-chinas-1978-reforms-in-charts/ |archive-date=30 September 2019}}</ref> More people were lifted out of poverty during his leadership than during any other time in human history, attributed largely to his reforms.<ref name="Legacy-JapanTimes" /> For this reason, some have suggested that Deng should have been awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2010 |title=Deng should have been first Chinese to get Nobel Peace Prize: Exco chief |publisher=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/730315/deng-should-have-been-first-chinese-get-nobel-peace-prize-exco-chief |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101154103/https://www.scmp.com/article/730315/deng-should-have-been-first-chinese-get-nobel-peace-prize-exco-chief |archive-date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rein |first=Shaun |date=14 December 2010 |title=How To Fix Western-Chinese Relations |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/12/14/nobel-peace-prize-china-deng-gandhi-leadership-managing-rein.html#4e243ab562f3 |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109204050/http://www.forbes.com/2010/12/14/nobel-peace-prize-china-deng-gandhi-leadership-managing-rein.html#4e243ab562f3 |archive-date=9 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Byrnes |first=Sholto |date=12 October 2010 |title=Ignoble reactions to the Nobel Peace Prize |publisher=New Statesmen |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2010/10/nobel-peace-china-singapore |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608024808/http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2010/10/nobel-peace-china-singapore |archive-date=8 June 2013}}</ref> Deng is also credited with reducing the cult of [[Mao Zedong]] and with bringing an end to the chaotic era of the [[Cultural Revolution]].<ref name="Economist-Great-Stabiliser">{{Cite news |date=22 October 2011 |title=Deng Xiaoping's legacy: The Great Stabiliser |publisher=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2011/10/22/the-great-stabiliser |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506090043/https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2011/10/22/the-great-stabiliser |archive-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> Furthermore, his strong-handed tactics have been credited with keeping the People's Republic of China unified, in contrast to the other major [[Communist]] power of the time, the [[Soviet Union]], which collapsed in 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 1997 |title=The Legacy of Deng Xiaoping |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/20/opinion/the-legacy-of-deng-xiaoping.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012113225/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/20/opinion/the-legacy-of-deng-xiaoping.html |archive-date=12 October 2017}}</ref>

However, Deng is also remembered for human rights violations and for numerous instances of political violence.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="NYT-Wizard">{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=20 February 1997 |title=Deng Xiaoping: A Political Wizard Who Put China on the Capitalist Road |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-a-political-wizard-who-put-china-on-the-capitalist-road.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802164135/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-a-political-wizard-who-put-china-on-the-capitalist-road.html |archive-date=2 August 2019}}</ref> As paramount leader, he oversaw the [[Tiananmen Square massacre]]; afterwards, he was influential in the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party's]] domestic cover-up of the event.<ref name="Dillon2014">{{Cite book |last=Michael Dillon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Deng Xiaoping: The Man who Made Modern China |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-85772-467-0 |pages=292–296 |access-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014443/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2019 |title=Tiananmen Square Fast Facts |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/asia/tiananmen-square-fast-facts/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919001916/https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/asia/tiananmen-square-fast-facts/index.html |archive-date=19 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A Massacre Erased |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/opinions/global-opinions/tiananmen-square-a-massacre-erased/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107014411/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/opinions/global-opinions/tiananmen-square-a-massacre-erased/ |archive-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> Furthermore, he is associated with some of the worst purges during [[Mao Zedong]]'s rule; for instance, he ordered an [[Shadian incident|army crackdown on a Muslim village]] in Yunnan which resulted in the deaths of 1,600 people, including 300 children.<ref name="Economist-Great-Stabiliser" />

As paramount leader, Deng also negotiated an end to the British colonial rule of Hong Kong and normalized relations with the United States and the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="NYT-Wizard" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wasserstrom |first1=Jeffrey N. |title=China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know |last2=Cunningham |first2=Maura Elizabeth |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0190659073 |edition=3 |page=80}}</ref> In August 1980, he started [[History of the People's Republic of China#Political reforms|China's political reforms]] by setting [[term limit]]s for officials and proposing a systematic revision of [[1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China|China's third Constitution]] which was made during the Cultural Revolution; the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|new Constitution]] embodied Chinese-style [[constitutionalism]] and was passed by the [[National People's Congress]] in December 1982, with most of its content still being effective as of today.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jianfu |first=Chen |date=1 May 2004 |title=The Revision of the Constitution in the PRC. A great leap forward or a symbolic gesture? |journal=China Perspectives |language=fr |volume=2004 |issue=53 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2922 |issn=2070-3449 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jone |first=William |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of China |url=https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2203&context=law_lawreview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428201429/https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2203&context=law_lawreview |archive-date=28 April 2019 |website=Washington University in St. Louis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caldwell |first=Ernest |date=December 2012 |title=Horizontal Rights and Chinese Constitutionalism: Judicialization through Labor Disputes |url=https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3935&context=cklawreview |url-status=live |journal=Chicago-Kent Law Review |volume=88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014421/https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3935&context=cklawreview |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shigong |first=Jiang |date=2014 |title=Chinese-Style Constitutionalism: On Backer's Chinese Party-State Constitutionalism |journal=Modern China |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=133–167 |doi=10.1177/0097700413511313 |issn=0097-7004 |jstor=24575589 |s2cid=144236160}}</ref> He helped establish China's [[Compulsory education#China|nine-year compulsory education]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=PEPPER |first=SUZANNE |title=China's Education Reform in the 1980s: Policies, Issues, and Historical Perspectives |url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/CRM_36.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055657/https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/CRM_36.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2019 |website=UC Berkeley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Song |first=Wei |title=China's education reforms and strive for innovation |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/24/WS5b7fb080a310add14f387a5b.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055658/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/24/WS5b7fb080a310add14f387a5b.html |archive-date=28 November 2019 |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=Chinadaily}}</ref> and revived China's political reforms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ng-Quinn |first=Michael |date=1982 |title=Deng Xiaoping's Political Reform and Political Order |journal=Asian Survey |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1187–1205 |doi=10.2307/2644047 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2644047}}</ref>