Editing Death by burning (section)

===Islamic countries===
The sources may manifest religious, legal, and political ideas quite an evolution from the chronological aspect and different from those that prevailed in early [[caliphate]]s since the practice of burning convicted person is forbidden in the [[Sharia Law]].<ref>'' Marsham, Andrew'' (2017), "Attituded to the Use of Fire in Executions in Late Antiquity and Early Islam: The Burning of Heretics abd Rebels in Lay Umayyad IraqA." In I. Kristó-Nagy & R. Gleave (Eds.), ''Violence in Islamic Thought from the Qur'an to the Mongols'' (pp. 106–127). Edinburgh University Press.</ref>

====Followers of a false claimant of prophethood====
The Arab chieftain [[Tulayha|Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid ibn Nawfal al-Asad]] set himself up as a prophet in 630 AD. Tulayha had a strong following which was, however, soon quashed in the so-called [[Ridda Wars]]. He himself escaped, though, and later was reconverted to Islam, but many of his rebel followers were burnt to death; his mother chose to embrace the same fate.<ref>''Zurkhana, Houtsma'' (1987), [https://books.google.com/books?id=wpM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA830 p. 830]</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=Please refer to a trustworthy sources, such as Muslims' classical books|date=December 2016}}

====Catholic monks in 13th-century Tunis and Morocco====
A number of monks are said to have been burnt alive in [[Tunis]] and [[Morocco]] in the 13th century. In 1243, two English monks, Brothers Rodulph and Berengarius, after having secured the release of some 60 captives, were charged with being spies for the [[English Crown]], and were burnt alive on 9 September. In 1262, Brothers Patrick and William, again having freed captives, but also sought to [[proselytize]] among [[Muslims]], were burnt alive in Morocco. In 1271, 11 Catholic monks were burnt alive in Tunis. Several other cases are reported.<ref>''Digby'' (1853), [https://books.google.com/books?id=4K06AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA342 pp. 342–345]</ref>

====Converts to Christianity====

[[Apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]], i.e. the act of converting to another religion, was (and remains so in a few countries) punishable with death.

The French traveller [[Jean de Thevenot]], traveling the East in the 1650s, says: ''"Those that turn Christians, they burn alive, hanging a bag of Powder about their neck, and putting a [[Pitch (resin)|pitched]] Cap upon their Head."''<ref>''De Thevenot, Lovell'' (1687), [https://books.google.com/books?id=6q9EAAAAcAAJ p. 69]</ref> Travelling the same regions some 60 years earlier, [[Fynes Moryson]] writes:
{{blockquote|''A Turke forsaking his Fayth and a Christian speaking or doing anything against the law of [[Muhammad|Mahomett]] are burnt with fyer.''<ref>''Moryson, Hadfield'' (2001), [https://books.google.com/books?id=fl6gkL5h6A0C&pg=PA171 p. 171]</ref>}}

====Muslim heretics====

''[[Certain accursed ones of no significance]]'' is the term used by [[Taş Köprü Zade]] in the ''Şakaiki Numaniye'' to describe some members of the [[Hurufiyya]] who became intimate with the Sultan [[Mehmed II]] to the extent of initiating him as a follower. This alarmed members of the [[Ulema]], particularly Mahmut Paşa, who then consulted Mevlana Fahreddin. Fahreddin hid in the Sultan's palace and heard the [[Hurufi]]s propound their doctrines. Considering these heretical, he reviled them with curses. The Hurufis fled to the Sultan, but Fahreddin's denunciation of them was so virulent that [[Mehmed II]] was unable to defend them. Farhreddin then took them in front of the [[Üç Şerefeli Mosque]], [[Edirne]], where he publicly condemned them to death. While preparing the fire for their execution, Fahreddin accidentally set fire to his beard. However, the Hurufis were burnt to death.

====Barbary States, 18th century====
[[John Braithwaite (author)|John Braithwaite]], staying in [[Morocco]] in the late 1720s, says that apostates from Islam would be burnt alive:
{{blockquote|''THOSE that can be proved after Circumcision to have revolted, are stripped quite naked, then anointed with Tallow, and with a Chain about the Body, brought to the Place of Execution, where they are burnt.''}}

Similarly, he notes that non-Muslims entering mosques or being blasphemous against Islam will be burnt, unless they convert to Islam.<ref>''Braithwaite'' (1729) On apostates citation, see [https://archive.org/details/historyrevoluti00braigoog p. 366], on the conditional fate of non-Muslims, see [https://archive.org/details/historyrevoluti00braigoog p. 355]</ref> The chaplain for the English in [[Algiers]] at the same time, [[Thomas Shaw (divine and traveller)|Thomas Shaw]], wrote that whenever capital crimes were committed either by Christian slaves or Jews, the Christian or Jew was to be burnt alive.<ref>''Shaw'' (1757), [https://archive.org/details/travelsorobserv01shawgoog/page/n282 p. 253]</ref> Several generations later, in Morocco in 1772, a Jewish interpreter for the British, and a merchant in his own right, sought from the [[Mohammed ben Abdallah|Emperor of Morocco]] restitution for some goods confiscated, and was burnt alive for his impertinence. His widow made her woes clear in a letter to the British government.<ref>''Stillman'' (1979), [https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil/page/310 pp. 310–311]</ref>

In 1792 in [[Ifrane]], Morocco, 50 Jews preferred to be burned alive, rather than convert to Islam.<ref>''Kantor'' (1993), [https://books.google.com/books?id=1SD_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 p. 230]</ref> In 1794 in [[Algiers]], the Jewish Rabbi Mordecai Narboni was accused of having maligned Islam in a quarrel with his neighbour. He was ordered to be burnt alive unless he converted to Islam, but he refused and was therefore executed on 14 July 1794.<ref>[http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~josdates JOS Calendar Conversion Results], ''Hirschberg'' (1981), [https://books.google.com/books?id=g_mh5fuel0QC&pg=PA20 p. 20]</ref>

In 1793, [[Trabluslu Ali Pasha|Ali Pasha]] made a short-lived ''coup d'état'' in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], deposing the ruling [[Karamanli dynasty]]. During his short, violent reign he seized the two interpreters for the Dutch and English consuls, both of them Jews, and roasted them over a slow fire, on charges of conspiracy and espionage.<ref>''Tully'' (1817), [https://books.google.com/books?id=QBkQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA365 p. 365]</ref>

====Persia====
During a famine in [[Persia]] in 1668, the government took severe measures against those trying to profiteer from the misfortune of the populace. Restaurant owners found guilty of profiteering were slowly roasted on spits, and greedy bakers were baked in their own ovens.<ref>''Ferrier'' (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5CLkDgmVs1QC&pg=PA94 p. 94]</ref>

Dr C. J. Wills, a physician traveling through Persia in 1866–81, wrote that:<ref>''Wills'' (1891), [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7180554M/In_the_land_of_the_lion_and_sun p. 204]</ref>
{{blockquote|''Just prior to my first arrival in Persia, the "Hissam-u-Sultaneh", another uncle of the king, had burned a priest to death for a horrible crime and murder; the priest was chained to a stake, and the matting from the mosques piled on him to a great height, the pile of mats was lighted and burnt freely, but when the mats were consumed the priest was found groaning, but still alive. The executioner went to Hissam-u-Sultaneh who ordered him to obtain more mats, pour [[naphtha]] on them, and apply a light, which 'after some hours' he did.''}}

==== Malaya ====
Although not burning with the use of fire, a practice was documented in 19th-century Malaya of sewing a live human in a buffalo hide and left it exposed to the burning sun which caused the hide to shrink and led the person to be squeezed to death.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winstedt |first=Richard Olof |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofmalaya0000wins/page/180 |title=A History of Malaya |publisher=Marican |year=1962 |location=Singapore |pages=180 |language=en}}</ref>