Editing Cumbria (section)

===Scandinavian/Norse/Dane===
* Lack of extent of Old English written evidence<ref name="wales" />
* Main attacks/raids on the North-East coast at Lindisfarne and Jarrow in 793/ 794<ref name="wales" />
* Settlement patterns (Danes) contributed to emerging differences over time between Northumberland. Durham and Yorkshire dialects<ref name="wales" />
* Norwegian settlers via Ireland to Isle of Man, Mersey estuary (901) and the Cumbrian/ Lancashire coasts (900–50) – dialectal differences (Danes/ Norwegians) often lumped together in standard histories – MUST have confirmed emerging dialectal differences east and west of the Pennines<ref name="wales" />
* Danelaw – land of north and east of land ruled under Danish law and Danish customs (978–1016)<ref name="wales" />
* Scandinavian influences vocabulary – common words gradually diffused/ entered word stock (borrowings) which survive in regional use – ''fell'' ('hillside'), ''lug'' ('ear'), ''loup'' ('jump'), ''aye'' ('yes')
* Influence on grammatical structure  – Middle English texts reveal that present participle form ''-and'', and possible that use of ''at'' and ''as'' as relative pronouns from Cumbria to East Yorkshire<ref name="wales" />
* Phonetically /g/, /k/ and cluster /sk/ have a northern/ Norse pronunciation /j/, /ʧ/ and /ʃ/ which are West Saxon – hard vs. soft consonants of north–south dialects – e.g. ''give/ rigg'' ('ridge'), ''skrike'' ('shriek'), ''kist'' ('chest') and ''ik'' ('I')<ref name="wales" />
*  'Interdialect forms' in Danelaw area (diffuse > focussed situation) –  no clear idea about what language they were speaking – mixture of Old English and Norse e.g. ''she'' (3rd person pronoun) is claimed by both languages<ref name="wales" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trudgill|first=Peter|year=1974|title=Linguistic change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography|journal=Language in Society|volume=3|issue=2|pages=215–2246|doi=10.1017/s0047404500004358|s2cid=145148233 }}</ref>
* Bilingualism was norm in areas under Danelaw (plausible)<ref name="wales" />
* Norse runic inscriptions survive from 11th century in Cumbria – therefore may only been after Norman Conquest that 'Norse as a living language died out'<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Otmar|year=1991|title=The incorporation of Old Norse pronouns in Middle English: suppletion by loan|journal=Language Contact in the British Isles|pages=369–401|doi=10.1515/9783111678658.369}}</ref>
* Norse surviving longest in closed communities<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gordon|first=E, V|year=1923|title=Scandinavian Influence in Yorkshire Dialects|journal=Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society|volume=4|pages=5–22}}</ref>