Editing Chloroplast (section)

==== Protein synthesis ====

{{See also|transcription (genetics)|Translation (biology)|label 1=Transcription|label 2=translation}}
Protein synthesis within chloroplasts relies on two [[RNA polymerase]]s. One is coded by the chloroplast DNA, the other is of [[cell nucleus|nuclear]] origin. The two RNA polymerases may recognize and bind to different kinds of [[promoter (genetics)|promoters]] within the chloroplast genome.<ref name="Hedtke-1997">{{cite journal | vauthors=Hedtke B, Börner T, Weihe A | title=Mitochondrial and chloroplast phage-type RNA polymerases in Arabidopsis | journal=Science | volume=277 | issue=5327 | pages=809–11 | date=August 1997 | pmid=9242608 | doi=10.1126/science.277.5327.809 }}</ref> The [[ribosome]]s in chloroplasts are similar to bacterial ribosomes.<ref name="Harris-1994">{{cite journal | vauthors=Harris EH, Boynton JE, Gillham NW | title=Chloroplast ribosomes and protein synthesis | journal=Microbiological Reviews | volume=58 | issue=4 | pages=700–54 | date=December 1994 | pmid=7854253 | pmc=372988 | doi=10.1128/MMBR.58.4.700-754.1994 }}</ref>

{{Expand section|Genome size differences between algae and land plants, chloroplast stuff coded by the nucleus|date=January 2013}}