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===Secondary works=== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book |last=Bachrach |first=Bernard S. |author-link=Bernard Bachrach |title=Early Carolingian Warfare Prelude to Empire |date=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-2144-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Cantor |first=Norman F. |title=Civilization of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition |date=2015 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-0624-4460-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Collins |first=Roger |title=Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-3336-5808-6 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Collins |first=Roger |title=Visigothic Spain, 409–711 |publisher=Blackwell Pub. |date=2004 |series=History of Spain |location=Malden, MA; Oxford}} * {{Cite book |last=Fouracre |first=Paul |title=Charlemagne: Empire and Society |publisher=Manchester University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-7190-7089-1 |editor-last=Joanna Story |location=Manchester |chapter=The Long Shadow of the Merovingians}} * {{Cite book |last=Ganshof |first=F. L. |author-link=François-Louis Ganshof |url=https://archive.org/details/carolingiansfran0000gans |title=The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy: Studies in Carolingian History |publisher=Cornell University Press |others=trans. Janet Sondheimer |date=1971 |isbn=978-0-8014-0635-5 |location=Ithaca, NY}} * {{Cite book |last=Gregory |first=Timothy E. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00greg |title=A History of Byzantium |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-6312-3513-2 |location=Malden, MA; Oxford, UK}} * {{Cite book |last1=James |first1=David |title=Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn al-Qūṭiyya: a study of the unique Arabic manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, with a translation, notes and comments |last2=Ibn al-Qūṭiyya |first2=Muḥammad b ʻUmar |publisher=Routledge |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-4154-7552-5 |location=London and New York}} * {{Cite book |title=Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants |publisher=Genealogical Pub. Co. |date=1974 |editor-last=Lewers Langston |editor-first=Aileen |location=Baltimore |editor-last2=Buck |editor-first2=J. Orton Jr.}} * {{Cite book |last=McKitterick |first=Rosamond |title=The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987 |publisher=Logman |date=1983 |isbn=978-0-5824-9005-5 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History |volume= II: c. 700–900 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1995 |isbn=978-1-1390-5571-0 |editor-last=McKitterick |editor-first=Rosamond |location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Pauline |title=Charles The Great – Charlemagne : King, Conqueror, Emperor |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |date=2023 |isbn=978-1-3984-7302-7 |location=Chicago }} * {{Cite book |last=Riché |first=Pierre |title=Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |date=1978 |isbn=978-0-8122-1342-3 |series=Middle Ages Series |location=Philadelphia |translator-last=McNamara |translator-first=Jo Ann}} * {{Cite book |last=Santosuosso |first=Antonio |author-link=Antonio Santosuosso |title=Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare |publisher=Westview Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-8133-9153-3 |location=Boulder, CO}} * {{Cite journal |last=Sarti |first=Laury |date=2016 |title=Frankish Romanness and Charlemagne's Empire |journal=Speculum |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=1040–58 |doi=10.1086/687993 |s2cid=163283337}} * {{Cite book |editor-first=Jace |editor-last=Stuckey |title=The Legend of Charlemagne : Envisioning Empire in the Middle Ages |series=Explorations in Medieval Culture |location=Leiden, Boston |publisher= |date=2022 |isbn=978-90-04-46777-4 |language=en }} * {{Cite book |last=Sypeck |first=Jeff |url=https://archive.org/details/becomingcharlema0000sype |title=Becoming Charlemagne: Europe, Baghdad, and The Empires of A.D. 800 |publisher=Ecco/HarperCollins |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-0607-9706-5 |location=New York |url-access=registration}} {{Refend}}
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