Editing Celts (section)

==Genetics==
{{See also|Bell Beaker culture#Genetics|Hallstatt culture#Genetics|La Tène culture#Genetics|Gauls#Genetics|Celtic Britons#Genetics|Celtiberians#Genetics|Italic peoples#Genetics}}
[[File:Geographical distribution of haplogroup frequency of hgR1b1b2.png|upright=1.1|thumb|right|Distribution of Y-chromosomal [[Haplogroup R-M269]] in Europe. The majority of ancient Celtic males have been found to be carriers of this sub-lineage.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2019|pp=4-6}}{{sfn|Schiffels et al.|2016|p=3|loc=Table 1}}{{sfn|Martiniano et al.|2018|p=3|loc=Table 1}}]]
Genetic studies on the limited amount of material available suggest continuity between Iron Age people from areas considered Celtic and the earlier [[Bell Beaker culture]] of Bronze Age Western Europe.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2018|pp=1, 14-15}}{{sfn|Brunel et al.|2020|pp=5-6}}{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2022}} Like the Bell Beakers, ancient Celts carried a substantial amount of [[Western Steppe Herders]] ancestry, which is derived from [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] pastoralists who expanded westwards from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] during the late [[Neolithic]] and the early Bronze Age and associated with the initial spread of [[Indo-European languages]].{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2019|pp=1, 4-6, 14-15}} This ancestry was particularly prevalent among Celts of [[Northwest Europe]].{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2022}} Examined individuals overwhelmingly carry types of the paternal [[haplogroup R-M269]],{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2019|pp=4-6}}{{sfn|Schiffels et al.|2016|p=3|loc=Table 1}}{{sfn|Martiniano et al.|2018|p=3|loc=Table 1}} while the maternal haplogroups [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]] and [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]] are frequent.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2018|p=7}}{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2022|pp=5-6}} These lineages are associated with steppe ancestry.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2019|pp=4-6}}{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2018|p=7}} The spread of Celts into Iberia and the emergence of the [[Celtiberians]] is associated with an increase in [[Northern Europe|north]]-[[central Europe]]an ancestry in Iberia, and may be connected to the expansion of the [[Urnfield culture]].{{sfn|Olalde et al.|2019|p=3}} The paternal haplogroup [[Haplogroup I-M438|haplogroup I2a1a1a]] has been detected among Celtiberians.{{sfn|Olalde et al.|2019|loc=Supplementary Tables, Table 4, Row 91}} There appears to have been significant gene flow among Celtic peoples of Western Europe during the Iron Age.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2018|p=1}}{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2022}} While the Gauls of southern France display genetic links with the Celtiberians, the Gauls of northern France display links with Great Britain and Sweden.{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2022|p=8}} Modern populations of Western Europe, particularly those who still speak [[Celtic languages]], display substantial genetic continuity with the Iron Age populations of the same areas.{{sfn|Martiniano et al.|2018|pp=1}}{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2018|pp=14-15}}{{sfn|Fischer et al.|2022|p=4}}

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