Editing Carbon nanotube (section)

=== Applications under development ===

Applications of nanotubes in development in academia and industry include:

* Medical devices: Using single wall carbon nanotubes in medical devices results in no skin contamination, high flexibility, and softness, which are crucial for healthcare applications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Nanotube solution for medical devices approved to enter EU market |url=https://www.med-technews.com/news/medtech-materials-and-assembly-news/nanotube-solution-for-medical-devices-approved-to-enter-eu-m/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Med-Tech Innovation |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* Wearable electronics and 5G/6G communication: Electrodes with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibit excellent electrochemical properties and flexibility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Mi-Jeong |last2=Kim |first2=Hyeonbeom |last3=Kim |first3=Jungmo |last4=Lee |first4=Yeo Jin |last5=Lee |first5=Wonki |last6=Hwang |first6=Jun Yeon |last7=Kim |first7=Ki Kang |last8=Jeong |first8=Hee Jin |date=2024-06-28 |title=Molecular-level hybridization of single-walled carbon nanotubes and a copper complex with counterbalanced electrostatic interactions |journal=Communications Materials |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=111 |doi=10.1038/s43246-024-00548-7 |issn=2662-4443|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024CoMat...5..111K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paleo |first1=Antonio J. |last2=Martinez-Rubi |first2=Yadienka |last3=Krause |first3=Beate |last4=Pötschke |first4=Petra |last5=Jakubinek |first5=Michael B. |last6=Ashrafi |first6=Behnam |last7=Kingston |first7=Christopher |date=2023-10-13 |title=Carbon Nanotube–Polyurethane Composite Sheets for Flexible Thermoelectric Materials |journal=ACS Applied Nano Materials |language=en |volume=6 |issue=19 |pages=17986–17995 |doi=10.1021/acsanm.3c03247 |issn=2574-0970 |pmc=10580240 |pmid=37854856}}</ref>
* Bitumen and asphalt: The world's first test section of road pavement with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) showed a 67% increase in resistance to cracks and ruts, increasing the lifespan of the materials.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tiza |first=Michael Toryila |date=December 6, 2022 |title=Applications of nanomaterials in highway pavements |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2643879 |journal=NanoEra |issue=2(2), 23-29 |via=Atatürk University Press}}</ref>
* Nanocomposites for aviation, automotive, and renewable energy markets: Modifying resin with just 0.02% single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) increases electrical conductivity by 276% without compromising the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymers, also improving flexural properties and delaying thermal degradation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Demski |first1=Szymon |last2=Misiak |first2=Michał |last3=Majchrowicz |first3=Kamil |last4=Komorowska |first4=Gabriela |last5=Lipkowski |first5=Adrian |last6=Stankiewicz |first6=Karolina |last7=Dydek |first7=Kamil |last8=Waśniewski |first8=Bartłomiej |last9=Boczkowska |first9=Anna |last10=Ehrlich |first10=Hermann |date=2024-05-21 |title=Mechanical recycling of CFRPs based on thermoplastic acrylic resin with the addition of carbon nanotubes |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=11550 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-62594-y |pmid=38773242 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=11109235 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1411550D }}</ref>
* Additive manufacturing: single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are mixed with a suitable printing medium or used as a filler material in the printing process, creating complex structures with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nechausov |first1=Sergey |last2=Miriyev |first2=Aslan |date=2024-09-15 |title=3D-Printable high-mixed-conductivity ionogel composites for soft multifunctional devices |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |volume=496 |pages=153759 |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2024.153759 |issn=1385-8947|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024ChEnJ.49653759N }}</ref>
* Utilizing carbon nanotubes as the channel material of [[carbon nanotube field-effect transistor]]s.<ref name="noyce1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Noyce SG, Doherty JL, Cheng Z, Han H, Bowen S, Franklin AD | title = Electronic Stability of Carbon Nanotube Transistors Under Long-Term Bias Stress | journal = Nano Letters | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 1460–1466 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30720283 | doi = 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03986 | s2cid = 73450707 | bibcode = 2019NanoL..19.1460N }}</ref>
* Using carbon nanotubes as a scaffold for diverse microfabrication techniques.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nano.byu.edu/publications |title=Publications on carbon nanotube applications including scaffold microfabrication |date=27 May 2014 |website=nano.byu.edu}}</ref>
* Energy dissipation in self-organized nanostructures under the influence of an electric field.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Belkin A, Hubler A, Bezryadin A | title = Self-assembled wiggling nano-structures and the principle of maximum entropy production | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 5 | page = 8323 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25662746 | pmc = 4321171 | doi = 10.1038/srep08323 | bibcode = 2015NatSR...5.8323B }}</ref>
* Using carbon nanotubes for environmental monitoring due to their active surface area and their ability to absorb gases.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tan CW, Tan KH, Ong YT, Mohamed AR, Zein SH, Tan SH |title=Energy and environmental applications of carbon nanotubes |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |date=September 2012 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=265–273 |doi=10.1007/s10311-012-0356-4 |bibcode=2012EnvCL..10..265T |s2cid=95369378 }}</ref>
* Jack Andraka used carbon nanotubes in his pancreatic cancer test. His method of testing won the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair Gordon E. Moore Award in the spring of 2012.<ref>{{Cite web| vauthors = Tucker A |title=Jack Andraka, the Teen Prodigy of Pancreatic Cancer|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jack-andraka-the-teen-prodigy-of-pancreatic-cancer-135925809/|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref>
* [[The Boeing Company]] has patented the use of carbon nanotubes for structural health monitoring<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US9329021]{{cite patent|country=US|number=9329021|title=System and methods for use in monitoring a structure|pubdate=May 3, 2016|inventor=DeLuca MJ, Felker CJ, Heider D|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US9329021}}</ref> of composites used in aircraft structures. This technology is hoped to greatly reduce the risk of an in-flight failure caused by structural degradation of aircraft.
* [[Zyvex Technologies]] has also built a 54' maritime vessel, the [[Piranha Unmanned Surface Vessel]], as a technology demonstrator for what is possible using CNT technology. CNTs help improve the structural performance of the vessel, resulting in a lightweight 8,000&nbsp;lb boat that can carry a payload of 15,000&nbsp;lb over a range of 2,500 miles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reinforcedplastics.com/view/7467/pirahna-usv-built-using-nanoenhanced-carbon-prepreg/ |title=Pirahna USV built using nano-enhanced carbon prepreg |date=19 February 2009 |publisher=ReinforcedPlastics.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303141747/http://www.reinforcedplastics.com/view/7467/pirahna-usv-built-using-nanoenhanced-carbon-prepreg/ |archive-date=3 March 2012 |df=dmy}}</ref>
* [[IMEC]] is using carbon nanotubes for [[Pellicle mirror|pellicles]] in semiconductor lithography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaPedus |first=Mark |date=2021-03-22 |title=EUV Pellicles Finally Ready |url=https://semiengineering.com/euv-pellicles-finally-ready/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Semiconductor Engineering |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In [[tissue engineering]], carbon nanotubes have been used as scaffolding for bone growth.<ref name="bone">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zanello LP, Zhao B, Hu H, Haddon RC | title = Bone cell proliferation on carbon nanotubes | journal = Nano Letters | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 562–567 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16522063 | doi = 10.1021/nl051861e | bibcode = 2006NanoL...6..562Z }}</ref>

Carbon nanotubes can serve as additives to various structural materials. For instance, nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some (primarily [[carbon fiber]]) baseball bats, golf clubs, car parts, or [[damascus steel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/11/061116-nanotech-swords.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118060943/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/11/061116-nanotech-swords.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2006|title=Legendary Swords' Sharpness, Strength From Nanotubes, Study Says|website=news.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gullapalli S, Wong MS | year = 2011 | title = Nanotechnology: A Guide to Nano-Objects | url = http://www.aiche.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/CEPMagazine/051128_public.pdf | journal = Chemical Engineering Progress | volume = 107 | issue = 5 | pages = 28–32 | access-date = 24 November 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120813180046/http://www.aiche.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/CEPMagazine/051128_public.pdf | archive-date = 13 August 2012 }}</ref>

IBM expected carbon nanotube transistors to be used on Integrated Circuits by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/528601/ibm-commercial-nanotube-transistors-are-coming-soon/|title=IBM Expects Nanotube Transistor Computer Chips Ready Soon After 2020| vauthors = Simonite T |website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref>

SWCNTs have found use in long lasting, faster charged [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium ion batteries]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Billington |first=James |date=2022-08-04 |title=Faster charging and more powerful EV batteries boosted by graphene nanotube production |url=https://www.electrichybridvehicletechnology.com/news/battery-technology/faster-charging-and-more-powerful-ev-batteries-boosted-by-graphene-nanotube-production.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology International |language=en-US}}</ref> [[polyamide]] car parts for e-painting;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Stephen |date=2020-08-31 |title=Graphene Nanotubes Make Polyamide Paintable |url=https://www.plasticstoday.com/automotive-and-mobility/graphene-nanotubes-make-polyamide-paintable |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=Plastics Today}}</ref> automotive primers for cost benefits and better aesthetics of topcoats;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clear Skies Coatings Presented a Waterborne Conductive Primer & Adhesion Promoter with Graphene Nanotubes – IPCM |url=https://www.ipcm.it/en/post/clear-skies-coatings-waterborne-conductive-primer.aspx |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.ipcm.it}}</ref> [[Antistatic device|ESD floors]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overcoming ESD-Control Flooring Challenges: A Comprehensive Guide to ANSI/ESD S20.20-2021 {{!}} FLOOR Trends & Installation |url=https://www.floortrendsmag.com/articles/110984-overcoming-esd-control-flooring-challenges-a-comprehensive-guide-to-ansi-esd-s2020-2021 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.floortrendsmag.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soto Beobide |first1=Amaia |last2=Bieri |first2=Rudolf |last3=Szakács |first3=Zoltán |last4=Sparwasser |first4=Kevin |last5=Kaitsa |first5=Ioanna G. |last6=Georgiopoulos |first6=Ilias |last7=Andrikopoulos |first7=Konstantinos S. |last8=Van Kerckhove |first8=Gunther |last9=Voyiatzis |first9=George A. |date=January 2024 |title=Raman Spectroscopy Unfolds the Fate and Transformation of SWCNTs after Abrasive Wear of Epoxy Floor Coatings |journal=Nanomaterials |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=120 |doi=10.3390/nano14010120 |doi-access=free |pmid=38202575 |issn=2079-4991|pmc=10780583 }}</ref> electrically conductive lining coatings for tanks and pipes;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-26 |title=Graphene goes industrial without a bang |url=https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/graphene-goes-industrial-without-a-bang- |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.compositesworld.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Rubber pants|rubber parts]] with improved heat and oil aging stability;<ref>{{Cite web |title=OCSiAl, Daikin improve fluoropolymer resistance to extreme conditions {{!}} European Rubber Journal |url=https://www.european-rubber-journal.com/article/2090872/ocsial-daikin-improve-fluoropolymer-resistance-to-extreme-conditions |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.european-rubber-journal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Guangyong |last2=Wang |first2=Huiyu |last3=Ren |first3=Tianli |last4=Chen |first4=Yuwei |last5=Liu |first5=Susu |date=January 2024 |title=Systematic Investigation of the Degradation Properties of Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber/Polyamide Elastomer/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites in Thermo-Oxidative and Hot Oil Environments |journal=Polymers |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=226 |doi=10.3390/polym16020226 |doi-access=free |pmid=38257025 |pmc=10820770 |issn=2073-4360}}</ref> conductive [[gelcoat]]s for ATEX requirements and tooling conductive gelcoats for increased safety and efficiency;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-26 |title=BÜFA releases line of novel conductive gelcoats |url=https://www.compositesworld.com/products/bufa-releases-line-of-novel-conductive-gelcoats |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.compositesworld.com |language=en}}</ref> and heating fiber coatings for infrastructure elements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |title=Polymer fibers with graphene nanotubes make it possible to heat hard-to-reach, complex-shaped items – Modern Plastics India |url=https://modernplasticsindia.in/polymer-fibers-with-graphene-nanotubes/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>