Editing Brain tumor (section)

==Research==
===Immunotherapy===
[[Cancer immunotherapy]] is being actively studied. For malignant gliomas no therapy has been shown to improve life expectancy as of 2015.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bloch O | title = Current Understanding and Treatment of Gliomas | chapter = Immunotherapy for Malignant Gliomas | series = Cancer Treatment and Research | volume = 163 | pages = 143–158 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25468230 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-12048-5_9 | isbn = 978-3-319-12047-8 }}</ref>

===Vesicular stomatitis virus===
{{See also|Oncolytic virus}}
In 2000, researchers used the [[vesicular stomatitis virus]] (VSV) to infect and kill cancer cells without affecting healthy cells.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Auer R, Bell JC | title = Oncolytic viruses: smart therapeutics for smart cancers | journal = Future Oncology | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22149027 | doi = 10.2217/fon.11.134 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garber K | title = China approves world's first oncolytic virus therapy for cancer treatment | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | volume = 98 | issue = 5 | pages = 298–300 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16507823 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/djj111 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Retroviral replicating vectors===
[[File:Tumor BrainstemGlioma2.JPG|thumb|A [[brainstem glioma]] in four-year-old. MRI, [[sagittal]], without contrast]]
Led by Prof. Nori Kasahara, researchers from [[University of Southern California|USC]], who are now at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]], reported in 2001 the first successful example of applying the use of [[Viral vector|retroviral replicating vectors]] towards transducing cell lines derived from solid tumors.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Logg CR, Tai CK, Logg A, Anderson WF, Kasahara N | title = A uniquely stable replication-competent retrovirus vector achieves efficient gene delivery in vitro and in solid tumors | journal = Human Gene Therapy | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 921–32 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11387057 | doi = 10.1089/104303401750195881 | pmc = 8184367 }}</ref> Building on this initial work, the researchers applied the technology to ''in vivo'' models of cancer and in 2005 reported a long-term survival benefit in an experimental brain tumor animal model.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tai CK, Wang WJ, Chen TC, Kasahara N | title = Single-shot, multicycle suicide gene therapy by replication-competent retrovirus vectors achieves long-term survival benefit in experimental glioma | journal = Molecular Therapy | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 842–51 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16257382 | doi = 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.03.017 | pmc = 8185609 | doi-access = free }}</ref>{{medrs|date=July 2014}}  Subsequently, in preparation for human clinical trials, this technology was further developed by Tocagen (a pharmaceutical company primarily focused on brain cancer treatments) as a combination treatment ([[Toca 511 & Toca FC]]). This has been under investigation since 2010 in a Phase I/II clinical trial for the potential treatment of recurrent high-grade glioma including glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma. No results have yet been published.<ref>{{ClinicalTrialsGov|NCT01156584|A Study of a Retroviral Replicating Vector Combined With a Prodrug Administered to Patients With Recurrent Malignant Glioma}}</ref>

===Non-invasive detection===
Efforts to detect and monitor development and treatment response of brain tumors by liquid biopsy from blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine, are in the early stages of development.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van der Pol Y, Mouliere F | title = Toward the Early Detection of Cancer by Decoding the Epigenetic and Environmental Fingerprints of Cell-Free DNA | journal = Cancer Cell | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 350–368 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31614115 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.09.003 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid34771592">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eibl RH, Schneemann M | title = Liquid Biopsy and Primary Brain Tumors | journal = Cancers (Basel) | volume = 13 | issue = 21 | date = October 2021 | page = 5429 | pmid = 34771592 | pmc = 8582521 | doi = 10.3390/cancers13215429 | doi-access = free }}</ref>