Editing Atlantic slave trade (section)

===United States===
The first enslaved Africans to reach what would become the United States arrived in July{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} 1526 as part of a Spanish attempt to colonize [[San Miguel de Gualdape]]. By November, the 300 Spanish colonists were reduced to 100, and their slaves from 100 to 70{{why|date = August 2014}}. The enslaved people revolted in 1526 and joined a nearby Native American tribe, while the Spanish abandoned the colony altogether (1527). The area of the future [[Colombia]] received its first enslaved people in 1533. [[El Salvador]], [[Costa Rica]], and [[Florida]] began their stints in the slave trade in 1541, 1563, and 1581, respectively. According to research, about 40 percent of enslaved Africans arrived at [[Gadsden's Wharf]], which was the largest slave port in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angeleti |first1=Gabriella |title=Once the US's largest slave port, Charleston will open African American museum next year |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/23/once-the-uss-largest-slave-port-charleston-will-open-african-american-museum-next-year |access-date=28 February 2024 |agency=The Art Newspaper |date=2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302172925/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/23/once-the-uss-largest-slave-port-charleston-will-open-african-american-museum-next-year |archive-date=2 March 2024}}</ref>

In the 17th century in [[History of Boston|colonial Boston]] in Massachusetts, about 166 transatlantic voyages embarked out of Boston. Boston imported enslaved people from Africa and exported rum.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Middle Passage |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-middle-passage.htm |website=Boston African American National Historic Site |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222192707/https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-middle-passage.htm |archive-date=22 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Peter Faneuil]] organized and profited from the trans-Atlantic voyages out of Boston and imported manufactured goods from Europe, and imported enslaved people, rum, and sugar from the Caribbean.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Atlantic Empire of Peter Faneuil |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-atlantic-empire-of-peter-faneuil.htm |website=Boston African American National Historical Park |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414180604/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-atlantic-empire-of-peter-faneuil.htm |archive-date=14 April 2024}}</ref> Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island were the three New England states with the largest slave populations. The enslaved population in South Kingston, Rhode Island was thirty percent, in Boston the slave population was ten percent, in New London it was nine percent, and in New York it was 7.2 percent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slaves in New England |url=https://www.medfordhistorical.org/medford-history/africa-to-medford/slaves-in-new-england/#:~:text=Enslaved%20people%20were%20brought%20into,as%20children%20in%20coastal%20cities. |website=Medford Historical Society and Museum |date=25 February 2013 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229173105/https://www.medfordhistorical.org/medford-history/africa-to-medford/slaves-in-new-england/ |archive-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> The earliest documentation of enslaved people in New England was 1638. In Northern American British colonies, [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|Massachusetts Bay colonies]] was the center for slave trading and colonial Boston was a major slave port in the North importing slaves directly from Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Importation and Sale of Enslaved People |url=https://www.masshist.org/features/endofslavery/trade |website=Massachusetts Historical Society |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229173153/https://www.masshist.org/features/endofslavery/trade |archive-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in New England |url=https://www.library.dartmouth.edu/slavery-project/slavery-slave-trade-new-england |website=Dartmouth Libraries |publisher=[[Dartmouth College]] |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726161216/https://www.library.dartmouth.edu/slavery-project/slavery-slave-trade-new-england |archive-date=26 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bunce Island north-west.JPG|thumb|[[Bunce Island]] in [[Sierra Leone]] exported tens of thousands of Africans to the [[Sea Islands]] of South Carolina and Georgia. [[Gadsden's Wharf]] in Charleston, South Carolina, received the majority of imported slaves from Bunce Island.<ref>{{cite news |title=Freetown City Council Host CEO of the International African American Museum (IAAM) |url=https://thecalabashnewspaper.com/freetown-city-council-host-ceo-of-the-international-african-american-museum-iaam/ |access-date=28 February 2024 |agency=The Calabash Newspaper |date=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228182745/https://thecalabashnewspaper.com/freetown-city-council-host-ceo-of-the-international-african-american-museum-iaam/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gullah|African Americans]] in the Sea Islands can trace their ancestry to Sierra Leone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bunce Island History |url=https://glc.yale.edu/lectures/evening-lectures/past-lectures/20042005/bunce-island/bunce-island-history |website=Yale Macmillan Center |date=15 June 2015 |publisher=Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition |access-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313085856/https://glc.yale.edu/lectures/evening-lectures/past-lectures/20042005/bunce-island/bunce-island-history |archive-date=13 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tracing the Trade in Enslaved Africans back to Bunce Island, Sierra Leone |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/tracing-the-trade-in-enslaved-africans-back-to-bunce-island-sierra-leone-world-monuments-fund/awWhsuSPtz5z1A?hl=en |website=Google Arts and Culture |publisher=World Monuments Fund |access-date=28 February 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228175220/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/tracing-the-trade-in-enslaved-africans-back-to-bunce-island-sierra-leone-world-monuments-fund/awWhsuSPtz5z1A?hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The 17th century saw an increase in shipments. Africans were brought to Point Comfort – several miles downriver from the English colony of [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], Virginia – in 1619. The first kidnapped Africans in English North America were classed as indentured servants and freed after seven years. Virginia law codified chattel slavery in 1656, and in 1662 the colony adopted the principle of ''[[partus sequitur ventrem]]'', which classified children of slave mothers as slaves, regardless of paternity. Under British law, children born of white male slave owners and black female slaves would have inherited the father's status and rights. The change to maternal inheritance for slaves guaranteed that anyone born with any slave ancestors was a slave, with no regard to the nature of the relations between the white father and the black mother, consensual or not.<ref>{{cite web |title=New World Labor Systems: African Slavery |url=https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/the_rise_of_african_slavery |website=Lowcountry History Digital Initiative |publisher=Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112240/http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/the_rise_of_african_slavery |archive-date=12 May 2024}}</ref>

In addition to African persons, [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] were [[Slavery among the Indigenous peoples of the Americas#European enslavement of Indigenous peoples|trafficked]] through Atlantic trade routes. The 1677 work ''[[s:The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians|The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians]]'', for example, documents [[English overseas possessions#The Americas|English colonial]] [[prisoners of war]] (not, in fact, opposing combatants, but imprisoned members of [[Praying Indian|English-allied forces]]) being enslaved and sent to Caribbean destinations.<ref name="Gookin">{{cite book |last=Gookin |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Gookin |year=1836 |orig-date=1677 |title=The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians |title-link=s:The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians |publisher=Worcester, etc. |hdl=2027/mdp.39015005075109?urlappend=%3Bseq=459 |oclc=3976964 |id=[[iarchive:archaeologiaame02amer/page/423/mode/1up|archaeologiaame02amer]]|quote=But this shows the prudence and fidelity of the [[Praying Indian|Christian Indians]]; yet notwithstanding all this service they were, with others of our Christian Indians, through the harsh dealings of some English, in a manner constrained, for want of shelter, protection, and encouragement, to fall off to the enemy at [[Hassanamesit Indian Reservation|Hassanamesit]], the story whereof follows in its place; and one of them, viz. Sampson, was slain in fight, by some scouts of our praying Indians, about [[Mount Wachusett|Watchuset]]; and the other, Joseph, taken prisoner in [[Plymouth Colony]], and sold for a slave to some merchants at [[Boston]], and sent to Jamaica, but upon the importunity of [[John Eliot (missionary)|Mr. Elliot]], which the master of the vessel related to him, was brought back again, but not released. His two children taken prisoners with him were redeemed by Mr. Elliot, and afterward his wife, their mother, taken captive, which woman was a sober Christian woman and is employed to teach school among the Indians at [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], and her children are with her, but her husband held as before, a servant; though several that know the said Joseph and his former carriage, have interceded for his release, but cannot obtain it; some informing authority that he had been active against the English when he was with the enemy.}}</ref><ref name="Bodge1">{{cite book |last=Bodge |first=George Madison |author-link=George Madison Bodge |year=1906 |title=Soldiers in King Philip's War: Being a Critical Account of that War, with a Concise History of the Indian Wars of New England from 1620–1677 |title-link=iarchive:soldiersinkingph1906bodg |chapter=Capt. Thomas Wheeler and his Men; with Capt. Edward Hutchinson at Brookfield |edition=Third |location=[[Boston]] |publisher=The Rockwell and Churchill Press |page=109 |lccn=08003858 |hdl=2027/bc.ark:/13960/t4hn31h3t |oclc=427544035 |quote=Sampson was killed by some English scouts near Wachuset, and Joseph was captured and sold into slavery in the West Indies.}}</ref> Captive Indigenous opponents, including women and children, were also sold into slavery at a substantial profit, to be transported to [[West Indies]] colonies.<ref name="Bodge2">{{cite book |last=Bodge |first=George Madison |author-link=George Madison Bodge |year=1906 |title=Soldiers in King Philip's War: Being a Critical Account of that War, with a Concise History of the Indian Wars of New England from 1620–1677 |title-link=iarchive:soldiersinkingph1906bodg |chapter=Appendix A |edition=Third |location=[[Boston]]|publisher=The Rockwell and Churchill Press |page=479 |lccn=08003858 |hdl=2027/bc.ark:/13960/t4hn31h3t |oclc=427544035 |quote={{smallcaps|Captives.}} The following accounts show the harsh custom of the times, and reveal a source of Colonial revenue not open to our country since that day. {{smallcaps|Account of Captives sold by Mass. Colony.}} ''August 24th, 1676.'' [[John Hull (merchant)|John Hull's]] Journal page 398.}}</ref><ref name="Winiarski2004">{{cite journal |last=Winiarski |first=Douglas L. |date=September 2004 |editor-last=Rhoads |editor-first=Linda Smith |title=A Question of Plain Dealing: Josiah Cotton, Native Christians, and the Quest for Security in Eighteenth-Century Plymouth County |url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=religiousstudies-faculty-publications |format=PDF |journal=[[The New England Quarterly]] |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=368–413 |jstor=1559824 |oclc=5552741105 |issn=0028-4866 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322224607/https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1030&context=religiousstudies-faculty-publications |archive-date=22 March 2020 |url-status=live |quote=While Philip and the vast majority of hostile Natives were killed outright during the war or sold into slavery in the West Indies, the friendly Wampanoag at [[Manomet, Massachusetts|Manomet Ponds]] retained their lands.}}</ref>