Editing Academic degree (section)

===== Pre-Bologna phases =====
{{more citations needed|section|date=July 2022}}
Before the introduction of the bachelor-master structure, almost all academic studies in the Netherlands had the same length of four years and had two phases:
* ''The "[[propaedeutics|propedeutische]] fase" (1–2 years):'' After finishing this phase, a student can follow another two years' study, which grants equivalents to the Anglo-Saxon BSc ([[Bachelor of Science]]), BA ([[Bachelor of Arts]]) or LLB ([[Bachelor of Laws]]).
* ''The "doctorale fase" (3–4 years):'' Completing the first phase successfully gives the student access to the second phase. Again, failure to finish within the time given will lead to discontinuation. This phase is concluded with the "{{interlanguage link|doctoraal examen|nl|Doctoraalexamen}}" (doctoral exam). This is not similar to any type of doctoral exam that would grant the student with any type of [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] title. Successful completion, however, does grant the student the Dutch degree of "drs." "[[doctorandus]]", ir. ("ingenieur" – engineer) or "mr." ("Meester in de rechten" – master of law). Nowadays these Dutch titles have been largely replaced by the Anglo Saxon titles MSc ([[Master of Science]]), MA ([[Master of Arts]]) and LLM ([[Master of Laws]]), depending on the area of study.

For medical students the "[[doctorandus]]" degree is not equivalent to the European Anglo Saxon postgraduate research degree in medicine, of MD ([[Medical Doctor]]). Besides the title doctorandus, the graduates of the Curius curriculum may also bear the title ''arts'' (physician). The doctorandus in medicine title is granted after four years (nominal time) of the Curius curriculum, while the title physician is granted after six years (nominal time) of that curriculum. The Dutch physician title is equal to a MSc degree according to the Bologna process and can be compared with the MBBS in the UK degree system and the North American MD, but not the [[MD (Res)|UK MD degree]], which is a research degree. One-on-one equivalence or interchangeability of the Dutch medical title and MD is often suggested. However, officially the MD title is not known, nor legal to use, in the Netherlands. The correct notation for a Dutch physician who completed his or her medical studies, but did not pursue a doctoral ([[PhD]]-like) study is "drs." (e.g. ''drs. Jansen, arts'') and not "dr." in medicine, which is often used incorrectly. However, like in the United Kingdom, physicians holding these degrees are referred to as 'Doctor' by courtesy.

In the Netherlands, there is the informal title ''dokter'' for physicians, but not ''doctor'' (dr.), unless they also earn such  adegree by completing a PhD curriculum. Furthermore, the ''doctorandus'' degree does not give a medical student the right to treat patients; for this a minimum of two years of additional study (internship) is required. After obtaining a Medical Board registration, Dutch physicians must work an additional two to six years in a field of expertise to become a registered medical specialist. Dutch surgeons commonly are only granted access to surgical training and positions after obtaining a doctorate (PhD) successfully. In recent years, the six-year (nominal time) old Curius curriculum (which offered the titles doctorandus and physician) has been replaced with a three-year (nominal time) Bachelor Curius+ followed by a three-year (nominal time) Master Curius+. Those who had already begun their old-style Curius curriculum before that will still have to complete it as a six-year study (nominal time).

A doctorandus in law uses the title ''meester'' (master, abbreviated as ''mr. Jansen'') instead of drs., and some courses of study, such as in technology and agriculture< grant the title ''ingenieur'' (engineer, noted as ''ir. Jansen'') instead of drs. These titles as equivalent to an LL.M (the title mr.) and to a MSc (the title ir.) and if gotten before 1 September 2002, from a recognized Dutch university, may be rendered as M (from Master) behind one's name, instead of using the typical Dutch honorifics before one's name. Since 1 September 2002, Dutch universities offer specific BSc, BA or LLB studies followed by MSc, MA or LLM studies, thus integrating into the international scientific community, offering lectures, other classes, seminars or complete curricula in English instead of Dutch. According to their field of study, MSc graduates may use either ir. or drs. before their names; MA graduates may use drs. before their name; LLM graduates may use mr. before their names, but only if they received such degrees from recognized Dutch universities. Not uncommonly, the Dutch "drs." abbreviation can cause much confusion in other countries, since it is perceived as a person who has a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in multiple disciplines. In the Netherlands, the degree [[MPhil]] was not awarded after 2009 as the [[Universiteiten van Nederland]] refused to recognize the MPhils awarded by [[Leiden University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2009 |title=De MPhil graad wordt niet meer verleend – Masteropleidingen – Aanstaande Studenten |url=http://www.aanstaande-studenten.leidenuniv.nl/masteropleidingen/masteropleidingen/mphil-graad-niet-meer-verleend.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726114420/http://www.aanstaande-studenten.leidenuniv.nl/masteropleidingen/masteropleidingen/mphil-graad-niet-meer-verleend.html |archive-date=26 July 2009 }}</ref>

After successfully obtaining a "drs.", "ir." or "mr." degree, a student has the opportunity to follow a further, promotional course of study (informally called [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) to eventually obtain a doctorate and subsequently the title "doctor". Promotion studies are ideally structured according to a preset time schedule of 4 to 6 years, during which the student has to be mentored by at least one [[professor]]. The promotion study has to be concluded with at least a scientific thesis, which has to be defended to "a gathering of his/her peers", in practice the board of the [[Faculty (division)|faculty]] with guest professors from other faculties or universities added. More and more common—and, in some disciplines, even mandatory—is that the student write, and have accepted for publication by peer-reviewed journals, original scientific work. The number of publications required is often debated and varies considerably between the various disciplines. However, in all disciplines the student is obligated to produce and publish a dissertation or thesis in book form.