Editing Abruzzo (section)

==Culture==
{{See also|Music of Abruzzo|List of museums in Abruzzo}}
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| caption1          = [[Castel del Monte (Abruzzo)|Castel del Monte]], one of Abruzzo's little-known hill towns
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The museum [[Museo Archeologico Nazionale d'Abruzzo]] in Chieti houses the famed statue ''[[Warrior of Capestrano]]'' which was found in a necropolis of the 6th century BC. Across the region, among the prominent cultural and historical buildings are: [[Teramo Cathedral]], its archeological museum and the Roman theater, the Castello della Monica, the [[Collurania-Teramo Observatory]], the famous [[L'Aquila]] Basilica of [[Santa Maria di Collemaggio]] (which holds the remains of [[Pope Celestine V]]), the [[Museo Nazionale d'Abruzzo]], [[Santa Maria del Suffragio, L'Aquila|Santa Maria del Suffragio]], the [[Forte Spagnolo]], the Fountain of 99 Spouts, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]]'s house in [[Pescara]], [[Campli]]'s [[Scala Sancta]] and its church, the church of Santissima Annunziata in [[Sulmona]], the cathedrals of [[Chieti Cathedral|Chieti]], [[Lanciano]], [[Guardiagrele]], [[Atri, Abruzzo|Atri]] and [[Pescara]] along with the castles of [[Ortona]], [[Celano]] and [[Ortucchio]].
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Every year on 28–29 August, L'Aquila's [[Santa Maria di Collemaggio]] commemorates the [[Perdonanza Celestiniana]], the indulgence issued by [[Pope Celestine V]] to anyone who, "truly repentant and confessed" would visit that Church from the Vespers of the vigil to the vespers of 29 August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.italyheritage.com/magazine/2002_05/f.htm|title=The Perdonanza with images of 1998, 1999 and 2000|website=www.italyheritage.com|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410105605/https://www.italyheritage.com/magazine/2002_05/f.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sulmona]]'s [[Holy Week]] is commemorated with traditional celebrations and rituals, such as "La Madonna che scappa in piazza", when a large statue of the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]], carried by a group of local fraternities, is carried across the square in procession.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/07/travel/in-sulmona-easter-drama-in-the-piazza.html|title=In Sulmona, Easter Drama in the Piazza|date=7 April 1985|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=4 February 2017|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603003126/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/07/travel/in-sulmona-easter-drama-in-the-piazza.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cocullo]], in the [[province of L'Aquila]], holds the annual "Festa dei serpari" (festival of snake handlers) in which a statue of St. Dominic, covered with live snakes, is carried in a procession through the town; it attracts thousands of Italian and foreign visitors. In many Abruzzo villages, [[Anthony the Great]]'s feast is celebrated in January with massive and scenic bonfires.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deliciousitaly.com/guide/central-italy-regions/abruzzo-guide/abruzzo-itineraries/item/1063-sulmona.html|title=Delicious Italy Easter in Sulmona|author=Delicious Italy Team|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202091824/http://www.deliciousitaly.com/guide/central-italy-regions/abruzzo-guide/abruzzo-itineraries/item/1063-sulmona.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the past, the region of Abruzzo was well known for the [[transumanza]], the seasonal movement of sheep floks: these used to travel mostly southbound towards the region of [[Apulia|Puglia]] during the cold winter months.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abruzzomoliseheritagesociety.org/TRATTURIeTRANSUMANZA.pdf | title=Along the Shepherd's Tracks Tratturi and Transumanza | author=Lucio D'Andrea | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005050344/http://www.abruzzomoliseheritagesociety.org/TRATTURIeTRANSUMANZA.pdf | archive-date=5 October 2011}}</ref> The Feast of [[St. Biagio]], protector of wool dealers is celebrated across the region. On the third of February in [[Taranta Peligna]] every year since the sixteenth century an evocative ritual is held: ''panicelle'', or small loaves made of flour and water, in the shape of a blessing hand, are distributed among the faithful.
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 | caption1 = [[Ovid]], from [[Sulmona]]
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Historical figures from the region include: the Roman orator [[Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC)|Asinius Pollio]]; [[Latin]] poets [[Sallust]] and [[Ovid]], who were born in L'Aquila and [[Sulmona]] respectively, [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]], Roman senator and leading instigator of the plot to kill [[Julius Caesar]]. [[Pontius Pilate]] is said to have been native to the region. Abruzzo's religious personalities include [[Saint Berardo]]; [[John of Capistrano]]; [[Thomas of Celano]], author of three [[hagiography|hagiographies]] of [[Francis of Assisi|Saint Francis of Assisi]]; and [[Alessandro Valignano]], who introduced [[Catholicism]] to the [[Far East]] and Japan. The Polish [[Pope John Paul II]] loved the mountains of Abruzzo, where he would retire often and pray in the church of San Pietro della Ienca.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/pope-john-paul-ii-blood-stolen-church-italy|title=Pope John Paul II's blood stolen from church in Italy |work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128070620/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/pope-john-paul-ii-blood-stolen-church-italy|agency=Reuters|archive-date=28 January 2014|quote=In 2011, John Paul [II]'s former private secretary, Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz, gave the local Abruzzo community some of the late pontiff's blood as a token of the love he had felt for the mountainous area.}}</ref> Local personalities in the humanities include: poet [[Ignazio Silone]], movie director [[Ennio Flaiano]] who co-wrote ''[[La dolce vita]]'', philosopher [[Benedetto Croce]], poet [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], composer [[Paolo Tosti]], sculptor [[Venanzo Crocetti]] and artist [[LorenzoArs]].

American artists and celebrities such as: [[Dean Martin]], [[Perry Como]], [[Henry Mancini]], [[Nancy Pelosi]], [[Rocky Marciano]], [[Rocky Mattioli]], [[Bruno Sammartino]], [[Mario Batali]], [[John Fante|John]] and [[Dan Fante]], [[Tommy Lasorda]], [[Dan Marino]], [[Mario Lanza]], [[Garry Marshall]], [[Penny Marshall]], [[Ariana Grande]], and [[Al Martino]] trace part of their family roots to Abruzzo.

Some international movies shot in Abruzzo include ''[[The American (2010 film)|The American]]'', [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]]'s ''[[The Name of the Rose (film)|The Name of the Rose]]'', [[Federico Fellini|Fellini]]'s ''[[La Strada]]'' and ''[[I Vitelloni]]'', [[Arnold Schwarzenegger|Schwarzenegger]]'s ''[[Red Sonja (1985 film)|Red Sonja]]'', ''[[Ladyhawke (film)|Ladyhawke]]'', ''[[King David (film)|King David]]'', ''[[Francesco (1989 film)|Francesco]]'', ''[[Keoma (film)|Keoma]]'', ''[[The Barbarians (1987 film)|The Barbarians]]'', ''[[The Fox and the Child]]'' and ''[[Krull (film)|Krull]]''.

===Medieval and Renaissance hill towns===
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| caption1          = The fortress of [[Civitella del Tronto|Civitella]] is the most visited monument in Abruzzo.
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Before the 2009 earthquake, Abruzzo was the region with the highest number of castles and hill towns in Italy. It still holds many of Italy's best-preserved medieval and Renaissance hill towns, twenty-three of which are among ''[[I Borghi più belli d'Italia]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/|title=Homepage|website=I Borghi più Belli d'Italia|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916190502/https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/|url-status=live}}</ref> This listing recognises their scenic beauty, arts and culture, their historical importance and quality of life.

The abrupt decline of Abruzzo's agricultural economy in the early to mid-20th-century spared some of the region's historic hill towns from modern development. Many lie entirely within regional and [[national park]]s. Among the most well preserved are [[Castel del Monte (Abruzzo)|Castel del Monte]] and [[Santo Stefano di Sessanio]], within the [[Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park|Gran Sasso National Park]] on the edge of the high plain of [[Campo Imperatore]] and nestled beneath the Apennines' highest peaks. Both hill towns, which were ruled by the [[House of Medici|Medicis]] for over a century-and-a-half, see relatively little tourism. Between the two towns sits [[Rocca Calascio]], the ruin of an ancient fortress popular with filmmakers. Both [[Monteferrante]] and [[Roccascalegna]] are two of the most representative Abruzzo villages in the province of Chieti. Within the [[Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park|Gran Sasso National Park]] is also found [[Castelli (Teramo)|Castelli]], an ancient pottery center whose artisans produced ceramics for most of the [[dynasty|royal houses]] of Europe.
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[[Civitella del Tronto]] played a crucial role in the history of the [[Italian unification|unification of Italy]]. The fortress of [[Civitella del Tronto|Civitella]] is the most visited monument in the Abruzzo region today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/cultura/speciali/2010/visioni-d-italia/notizie/3civitella-del-tronto-Serenissimi-e-borbonici-insieme-per-disfare-l-Italia_b3bc7456-550c-11df-a414-00144f02aabe.shtml|title=Serenissimi e borbonici insieme per disfare l'Italia|website=www.corriere.it|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507165718/https://www.corriere.it/cultura/speciali/2010/visioni-d-italia/notizie/3civitella-del-tronto-Serenissimi-e-borbonici-insieme-per-disfare-l-Italia_b3bc7456-550c-11df-a414-00144f02aabe.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Other medieval hill towns located within Abruzzo's [[park system]] are [[Pacentro]] in the [[Maiella National Park]] and [[Pescasseroli]] in the [[Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise|Abruzzo National Park]]. Pacentro, which features a 14th-century castle with two intact towers, has been little touched by modernisation. The Shrine of [[Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows]], in the [[province of Teramo]], which attracts some two million visitors per year, is one of the 15 most-visited sanctuaries in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://turismo.provincia.teramo.it/art-and-culture/churches/shrine-of-saint-gabriele-dell92addolorata-96-isola-del-gran-sasso/?set_language=en|title=Shrine of Saint Gabriele dell'Addolorata – Isola del Gran Sassoo|publisher=turismo.provincia.teramo.it|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-date=7 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207123847/http://turismo.provincia.teramo.it/art-and-culture/churches/shrine-of-saint-gabriele-dell92addolorata-96-isola-del-gran-sasso/?set_language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Capestrano]], a small town in the province of L'Aquila, is the hometown of Saint [[John of Capistrano]], [[Order of Friars Minor|Franciscan]] [[friar]] and [[Catholic priest]], as well as the namesake of the Franciscan [[List of Spanish missions|missions]] [[Mission San Juan Capistrano|San Juan Capistrano]] in [[Southern California]], the mission [[Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas)|Mission San Juan Capistrano]] in Texas and the city of [[San Juan Capistrano, California|San Juan Capistrano]] in [[Orange County, California]]. [[Giulianova]] is a notable example of a Renaissance "[[ideal city]]".

The proximity to Rome, the protected areas and scenic landscapes making the region one of the greenest in Europe, the presence of quaint villages, its rich and varied culinary traditions are important tourist attractions. In 2010, visitors included 6,381,067 Italians and 925,884 foreign tourists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/48501 |title=Movimento dei clienti negli esercizi ricettivi – Dati definitivi |access-date=12 August 2012 |date=21 December 2011 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620002117/http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/48501 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, the American organization Live and Invest Overseas included Abruzzo on its list of World's Top 21 Overseas Retirement Havens. The study was based on such factors as climate, infrastructure, health care, safety, taxes, cost of living and more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveandinvestoverseas.com/read-2013-articles/worlds-top-21-retirement-havens1.html|title=World's Top 21 Retirement Havens|author=Kathleen Peddicord|work=Live and Invest Overseas|date=18 June 2013|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-date=29 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129125401/http://www.liveandinvestoverseas.com/read-2013-articles/worlds-top-21-retirement-havens1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017 the Chamber of Commerce of Pescara presented Abruzzo region to the Annual conference of Live and Invest Overseas in the U.S. city of [[Orlando, Florida]]. One year later, in October 2018, Live and Invest Overseas held its first conference in Abruzzo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abruzzoruralproperty.com/abruzzo-one-of-the-best-places-in-the-world-to-retire |title=Abruzzo, one of the best places in the world to retire |author=Monia Di Guilmi |work=Abruzzo Rural Property |access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095546/http://www.abruzzoruralproperty.com/abruzzo-one-of-the-best-places-in-the-world-to-retire |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Universities ===
[[File:Palazzo Camponeschi.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of L'Aquila]]]]
There are three universities in the Abruzzo region:
* [[University of L'Aquila]]
* [[D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara]]
* [[University of Teramo]]

[[Harvard University]] bases an intensive summer Italian language and culture program in [[Vasto]], a [[resort town]] on Abruzzo's southern coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.summer.harvard.edu/programs/abroad/abruzzo/ |title=Harvard Summer Program in Umbria and Abruzzo, Italy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202181151/http://archive.summer.harvard.edu/programs/abroad/abruzzo/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 }}</ref>

===Science===
[[File:CUORE Cryostat Construction.jpg|thumb|[[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]]]]

Between the [[province of Teramo]] and L'Aquila, under the [[Traforo del Gran Sasso|Gran Sasso Tunnel]], is the [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]] (LNGS) of the [[INFN]], one of the three underground astroparticle laboratories in Europe.

The [http://www.izs.it/IZS/Engine/RAServePG.php Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "Giuseppe Caporale"], which conducts research in veterinary and environmental public health, is located in Teramo.

The [[Gran Sasso Science Institute]], located in L'Aquila, is an advanced research institute which offers doctorates in astroparticle physics, computer science, and mathematics as well as urban studies and regional science, and which also conducts scientific research.

===Sports===

[[Interamnia World Cup]], the largest international youth handball competition worldwide, takes place yearly in Teramo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interamniaworldcup.com/en/|title=Interamnia World Cup|website=www.interamniaworldcup.com|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428071753/https://www.interamniaworldcup.com/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are several [[:Category:Football clubs in Abruzzo|football clubs in Abruzzo]]. [[Delfino Pescara 1936]] is a [[Serie C]] club; based in Pescara, its home stadium is [[Stadio Adriatico – Giovanni Cornacchia]].

===Dialects===
The regional dialects of Abruzzo include ''Teramano'', ''Abruzzese Orientale Adriatico'' and ''Abruzzese Occidentale''. The first two forms are a dialect of the Southern Italian language also known simply as [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] since the region has been part of the [[Kingdom of Naples]] and the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]], while ''[[Aquilano]]'' is related to the [[Central Italian|Central Italian dialects]] including [[Romanesco dialect|Romanesco]].
The dialects spoken in the Abruzzo region can be divided into three main groups:
# Sabine dialect, in the province of L'Aquila, a central Italian dialect
# Abruzzo Adriatic dialect, in the province of Teramo, Pescara and Chieti, that is virtually abandoned in the province of [[Ascoli Piceno]], a southern Italian dialect
# Abruzzo western dialect, in the province of L'Aquila, a southern Italian dialect