Editing 1960s (section)

==Science and technology==
===Science===
====Space exploration====
[[File:As08-16-2593.jpg|right|thumb|250px|On 21 December 1968, the [[Apollo 8]] crew took a picture, for the first time in history, of the entire Earth]]
[[File:Aldrin Apollo 11 original.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Apollo 11]] mission landed the first humans on the Moon in July 1969.]]
The [[Space Race]] between the United States and the Soviet Union dominated the 1960s. The Soviets sent the first man, [[Yuri Gagarin]], into [[outer space]] during the [[Vostok 1]] mission on 12 April 1961, and scored a host of other successes, but by the middle of the decade the U.S. was taking the lead. In May 1961, President Kennedy set the goal for the United States of landing a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s.

In June 1963, [[Valentina Tereshkova]] became the first woman in space during the [[Vostok 6]] mission. In 1965, Soviets launched the first probe to hit another planet of the [[Solar System]] ([[Venus]]), [[Venera 3]], and the first probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of the Moon, [[Luna 9]]. In March 1966, the Soviet Union launched [[Luna 10]], which became the first [[space probe]] to enter orbit around the Moon, and in September 1968, [[Zond 5]] flew the first terrestrial beings, including two tortoises, to circumnavigate the Moon.

The deaths of astronauts [[Gus Grissom]], [[Ed White (astronaut)|Ed White]], and [[Roger B. Chaffee]] in the [[Apollo 1]] fire on 27 January 1967, put a temporary hold on the U.S. space program, but afterward progress was steady, with the [[Apollo 8]] crew ([[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell]], [[William Anders]]) being the first crewed mission to orbit another celestial body (the Moon) during Christmas of 1968.

On 20 July 1969, the [[Moon landing|first humans landed on the Moon]]. The [[Apollo 11]] mission, launched on 16 July 1969, carried mission Commander [[Neil Armstrong]], Command Module Pilot [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], and Lunar Module Pilot [[Buzz Aldrin]], and Aldrin and Armstrong flew the Lunar Module ''[[Lunar Module Eagle|Eagle]]'' to the lunar surface. Apollo 11 fulfilled President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s goal of reaching the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on 25 May 1961: "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."

The Soviet program lost its sense of direction with the death of chief designer [[Sergey Korolyov]] in 1966. Political pressure, conflicts between different design bureaus, and engineering problems caused by an inadequate budget would doom the Soviet attempt to land men on the Moon. Shortly after the American Apollo 1 disaster, tragedy struck the Soviet program when cosmonaut [[Vladimir Komarov]] was killed when the parachutes on his [[Soyuz 1]] flight failed.

A succession of uncrewed American and Soviet probes traveled to the Moon, [[Venus]], and [[Mars]] during the 1960s, and commercial satellites also came into use.

====Other scientific developments====
[[File:Antibabypille.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[birth control pill]] was introduced in 1960.]]
* 1960 – The oral female birth-control contraceptive, [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|the pill]], was released in the United States after [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approval.
* 1963 – The measles vaccine was released after being approved by the FDA
* 1963 – [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]] is awarded the Nobel prize for discovering the [[nuclear shell]] of the [[atomic nucleus]]
* 1964 – The discovery and confirmation of the [[Cosmic microwave background]] in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. 
* 1965 – [[AstroTurf]] introduced.
* 1967 – First [[heart transplantation]] operation by Professor [[Christiaan Barnard]] in South Africa.
* 1967 – Discovery of the first known [[pulsar]] (a rapidly spinning [[neutron star]]) by [[Jocelyn Bell Burnell]] 
* During the late 1960s, the [[Green Revolution]] achieved a major leap in agricultural production, mitigating a potential famine situation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter B.R. Hazell|title=The Asian Green Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frNfVx-KZOcC&pg=PA1|year=2009|work=IFPRI Discussion Paper|publisher=Intl Food Policy Res Inst|access-date=2022-02-18|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028040330/https://books.google.com/books?id=frNfVx-KZOcC&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Technology===
[[File:0 series Yurakucho 19670505.jpg|thumb|A 0 series Shinkansen high-speed rail set in Tokyo, May 1967]]

* [[Shinkansen]], the world's first [[high-speed rail]] service began in 1964.

====Automobiles and Motorcycles====
As the 1960s began, American cars showed a rapid rejection of 1950s styling excess, and would remain relatively clean and boxy for the entire decade. The horsepower race reached its climax in the late 1960s, with [[muscle cars]] sold by most makes. The compact [[Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]], launched in 1964, was one of the decade's greatest successes. The "[[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three]]" American automakers enjoyed their highest ever sales and profitability in the 1960s, but the demise of [[Studebaker]] in 1966 left [[American Motors Corporation]] as the last significant independent. The decade would see the car market split into different size classes for the first time, and model lineups now included [[Compact car|compact]] and [[Mid-size car|mid-sized]] cars in addition to [[Full-size car|full-sized]] ones.

The popular modern hatchback, with front-wheel-drive and a two-box configuration, was born in 1965 with the introduction of the [[Renault 16]], many of this car's design principles live on in its modern counterparts: a large rear opening incorporating the rear window, foldable rear seats to extend boot space. The [[Mini]], released in 1959, had first popularised the front wheel drive two-box configuration, but technically was not a hatchback as it had a fold-down bootlid.

Japanese cars also began to gain acceptance in the Western market, and popular economy models such as the [[Toyota Corolla]], [[Datsun 510]], and the first popular Japanese sports car, the [[Datsun 240Z]], were released in the mid- to late-1960s.

Mopeds and Scooters gains popularity in these decade, with [[Honda Super Cub]] in United States, Japan and Europe, [[Mitsubishi Silver Pigeon]] in Japan and [[Vespa]], [[Kreidler Florett RS| Kreidler Florett]],[[Zundapp]] and [[Sachs Motorcycles|Sachs]] mopeds in Western Europe.

====Electronics and communications====
[[File:60s tech.jpg|thumb|Examples of 1960s technology, including two rotary-dial telephones and a Kodak camera.]]
* 1960 – The first working laser was demonstrated in May by [[Theodore Maiman]] at [[Hughes Research Laboratories]].
* 1960 – [[Tony Hoare]] announces the [[Quicksort]] [[algorithm]], the most common sorter on computers.
* 1961 – [[Unimate]], the first [[industrial robot]], was introduced.
* 1962 – First transatlantic satellite broadcast via the [[Telstar]] satellite.
* 1962 – The [[FORMAC]] coding language was invented by [[Jean Sammet]] 
* 1962 – The first computer video game, ''[[Spacewar!]]'', was invented.
* 1962 – Red [[LED]]s were developed.
* 1963 – The first [[Geosynchronous satellite|geosynchronous communications satellite]], ''[[Syncom 2]]'', is launched.
* 1963 – First transpacific satellite broadcast via the [[Relay 1]] satellite.
* 1963 – [[Touch-Tone]] telephones introduced.
* 1963 – [[Sketchpad]] was the first touch interactive [[computer graphics]] program.
* 1963 – The [[Nottingham]] Electronic Valve company produced the first home [[Videocassette recorder|video recorder]] called the "Telcan".
* 1964 – [[8-track tape]] audio format was developed.
* 1964 – The [[Compact Cassette]] was introduced.
* 1964 – The first successful [[Minicomputer]], [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]'s 12-bit [[PDP-8]], was marketed.
* 1964 – The [[programming language]] [[BASIC]] was created.
* 1964 – The world's first [[supercomputer]], the [[CDC 6600]], was introduced.
* 1964 – [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] released [[Integrated Circuit|IC]]s with [[Dual in-line package|dual in-line packaging]].
* 1967 – [[PAL]] and [[SECAM]] broadcast color television systems started publicly transmitting in Europe.
* 1967 – The first [[Automatic Teller Machine]] was opened in [[Barclays Bank]], London.
* 1967 – The [[Logo (programming language)|Logo]] coding language was invented by [[Cynthia Solomon]]
* 1968 – [[Ralph Baer]] developed his [[Brown Box]] (a working prototype of the Magnavox Odyssey).
* 1968 – The [[The Mother of All Demos|first public demonstration]] of the [[computer mouse]], the [[paper paradigm]] [[Graphical user interface]], [[video conference|video conferencing]], [[teleconference|teleconferencing]], email, and [[hypertext]].
* 1969 – [[ARPANET]], the research-oriented prototype of the Internet, was introduced.
* 1969 – [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] invented at AT&T [[Bell Labs]], used as the electronic imager in still and video cameras.