Editing Vilnius (section)

===Science and research===
[[File:Vilnius University M. K. Sarbievijus Courtyard, Vilnius, Lithuania - Diliff.jpg|thumb|alt=An old university courtyard|The Vilnius University Astronomical Observatory]]
Vilnius resident [[Tito Livio Burattini]] published ''Misura universale'' in 1675, in which he first suggested the term [[metre]] as a unit of length.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lucendo |first=Jorge |title=Centuries of Inventions: Encyclopedia and History of Inventions |date=23 April 2020 |publisher=Jorge Lucendo |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l3eDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT246 |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> The [[Vilnius University Astronomical Observatory]], established in 1753 at the initiative of [[Thomas Zebrowski]], was one of Europe's first [[observatory|observatories]] and the first in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vilniaus universiteto Astronomijos observatorija |url=https://www.ff.vu.lt/tfai/struktura/vilniaus-universiteto-astronomijos-observatorija |website=ff.vu.lt |access-date=7 March 2021 |language=lt-lt |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925101503/https://www.ff.vu.lt/tfai/struktura/vilniaus-universiteto-astronomijos-observatorija |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt]] led the reconstruction of the observatory, designed by [[Marcin Knackfus]], from 1770 to 1772. Poczobutt began his [[Observational astronomy|astronomical observations]] in 1773, recording them in the journal ({{langx|fr|Cahiers des observations}}), and created the constellation ''[[Taurus Poniatovii]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Martynas Počobutas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/martynas-pocobutas/ |website=vle.lt |access-date=7 March 2021 |language=lt}}</ref> [[Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert]] established the [[Botanical Garden of Vilnius University]] in 1781 with over 2,000 plants, and provided the first [[herbarium]]s, collections of stuffed animals and birds, [[Paleobotany|fossil plants]], animal remains, and a collection of [[minerals]] to Vilnius University.,<ref>{{cite web |title=Jean Emmanuel Gilibert |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jean-emmanuel-gilibert/ |website=vle.lt |access-date=7 March 2021 |language=lt}}</ref> The observatory published the Russian Empire's first [[exact sciences]] journal, the ''Journal of Mathematical Sciences'' ({{langx|ru|link=no|Вестник математических наук}}), after the Third Partition of Poland.<ref name="Klimka"/>

[[File:Scientific centers in Vilnius, Lithuania in 2017.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Aerial view of modern buildings and green space|Scientific centres and university faculties at Sunrise Valley]]
Sunrise Valley Science and Technology Park ({{langx|lt|link=no|Saulėtekio slėnio mokslo ir technologijų parkas}}) is a non-profit organization which was founded in 2003. Over 20,000 students study in the Vilnius University and [[Vilnius Gediminas Technical University]] facilities in Sunrise Valley, and 5,000 scientists conduct research in its science centres.<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://ssmtp.lt/en/about-us/ |website=ssmtp.lt |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>

The Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology ({{langx|lt|link=no|Fizinių ir technologijos mokslų centras}}, FTMC) is the country's largest scientific research institution, specialising in [[laser]] technology, [[optoelectronics]], [[nuclear physics]], [[organic chemistry]], [[Biotechnology|bio]] and [[nanotechnology]], electrochemical [[materials science]], and [[electronics]]. The centre was created in 2010 with the merger of the institutes of chemistry, physics and semiconductor physics in Vilnius and the Textile institute in Kaunas.<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.ftmc.lt/about-us-2 |website=ftmc.lt |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> With 250 laboratories (24 open to the public), it can accommodate over 700 researchers and students.<ref>{{cite web |title="Open House Vilnius" open architecture weekend |url=https://www.ftmc.lt/news/497/139/Open-House-Vilnius-open-architecture-weekend |website=ftmc.lt |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> The centre has a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD program]] and hosts annual conferences of PhD students and young researchers.<ref>{{cite web |title=FTMC announces an annual Conference |url=https://www.ftmc.lt/news/300/139/FTMC-announces-an-annual-Conference-FizTech-2018 |website=ftmc.lt – FizTech 2018 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> FTMC is the founder and sole shareholder of the Science and Technology Park of Institute of Physics in Savanorių Avenue, which assists companies with [[research and development]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Research center |url=http://www.fimtp.lt/en/research-center/ |website=fimtp.lt |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>

Vilnius University's Laser Research Centre ({{langx|lt|link=no|Vilniaus universiteto Lazerinių tyrimų centras}}) is one of five departments in the university's Faculty of Physics, which prepares physicists, laser physicists and laser-technology specialists. The department conducts research in [[laser physics]], [[nonlinear optics]], optical-component characterization, [[biophotonics]] and laser [[microtechnology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.ff.vu.lt/en/lrc/about |website=lasercenter.vu.lt}}</ref> Lithuania has over 50 percent of the world's market share in [[ultrashort pulse]]s lasers produced by Vilnius-based companies.<ref name="laser">{{cite web |title=Lietuviai pagamino vieną galingiausių lazerių pasaulyje |url=https://www.delfi.lt/mokslas/technologijos/lietuviai-pagamino-viena-galingiausiu-lazeriu-pasaulyje.d?id=81361994 |website=[[DELFI]] |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> A laser system was produced in 2019 for the [[Extreme Light Infrastructure]] laboratory in [[Szeged]] which produces high-intensity, ultra-short pulses with a peak power up to 1,000 times that of the most powerful [[nuclear power plant]] in the United States.<ref name="laser" /> [[Corning Inc.]] bought a glass-cutting licence from the Vilnius-based laser company Altechna and for manufacturing [[Gorilla Glass]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lithuanian R&D company signs major deal with US market leader |url=https://investlithuania.com/news/lithuanian-rd-company-signs-major-deal-with-us-market-leader/ |website=investlithuania.com |access-date=5 October 2019}}</ref>

[[File:VSiksnys.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=A smiling, bespectacled man speaking into a microphone|Virginijus Šikšnys is a biochemist at Vilnius University.]]
The Vilnius University Life Sciences Centre ({{langx|lt|link=no|Vilniaus universiteto Gyvybės mokslų centras}}) is a scientific research centre which consists of three institutes: the Institute of Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, and Institute of Biotechnology. The centre was opened in 2016 and has 800 students, 120 PhD students, 200 teaching staff, and open-access scientific laboratories with advanced equipment.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.gmc.vu.lt/en/about/about-us |access-date=25 September 2019 |website=gmc.vu.lt |language=lt}}</ref> It has a technology [[business incubator]] for small and medium businesses in the life sciences or related fields.<ref>{{cite web |title=Technologinis verslo inkubatorius |url=https://www.gmc.vu.lt/apie-gmc/technologinis-verslo-inkubatorius |website=gmc.vu.lt |access-date=25 September 2019 |language=lt |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803183048/https://www.gmc.vu.lt/apie-gmc/technologinis-verslo-inkubatorius |url-status=dead}}</ref> Vilnius Gediminas Technical University has three research centres at Sunrise Valley: the Civil Engineering Research Centre, Technology Centre for Building Information and Digital Modelling, and Competence Centre of Intermodal Transport and Logistics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research Centres |url=https://www.vgtu.lt/research-and-innovation/research-departments/research-centres/4326 |website=vgtu.lt |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>

The Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences ({{langx|lt|link=no|Lietuvos socialinių mokslų centras}}), which cooperates with the Lithuanian government, produces and disseminates scientific information in the fields of economics, sociology and law to implement public policy.<ref>{{cite web |title=About LCSS |url=https://lcss.lt/en/apie-lsmc/ |access-date=2 October 2019 |website=lstc.lt}}</ref> Santara Valley ({{langx|lt|link=no|Santaros slėnis}}) is a science and research facility which focuses on [[medicine]], [[biopharmaceutical]] and [[bioinformatics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=R&D areas |url=http://santarosslenis.eu/en/main/r-d-areas/ |website=santarosslenis.eu |access-date=5 October 2019}}</ref> The [[Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine]] Science Centre was scheduled for completion in Santara Valley in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title="Santaros" slėnyje duris atvers VU Medicinos fakulteto mokslo centras |url=http://naujienos.vu.lt/santaros-slenyje-duris-atvers-vu-medicinos-fakulteto-mokslo-centras/ |website=naujienos.vu.lt |access-date=5 October 2019}}</ref>

Vilnius University rector [[Jonas Kubilius]], known for [[probabilistic number theory]], the [[Kubilius model]], the Theorem of Kubilius and [[Turán–Kubilius inequality]], successfully resisted attempts to Russify Vilnius University.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iš Vilniaus universiteto istorijos, 1955–1990 |date=5 November 1995 |pages=1–2 |url=http://www.draugas.org/archive/1994_reg/1994-11-05-PRIEDAS-DRAUGAS-i5-8.pdf}}</ref> Vilnius' [[Marija Gimbutas]] was the first to formulate the [[Kurgan hypothesis]]. In 1963, [[Vytautas Straižys]] and his colleagues created the [[Vilnius photometric system]] used in [[astronomy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vilniaus astrofotometrinė sistema |url=https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Vilniaus-astrofotometrine-sistema-116607 |website=vle.lt |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> [[Kavli Prize]] laureate [[Virginijus Šikšnys]] invented [[CRISPR]]-[[Cas9]] [[gene]]tic editing.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Giorgia |last=Guglielmi |date=31 May 2015 |journal=Nature |volume=558 |issue=7708 |pages=17–18 |title=Million-dollar Kavli prize recognizes scientist scooped on CRISPR |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05308-5 |pmid=29872189 |doi-access=free}}</ref>