Editing Turkish language (section)

=== Verb tenses ===
(For the sake of simplicity the term "tense" is used here throughout, although for some forms "aspect" or "mood" might be more appropriate.) There are nine simple and 20 compound tenses in Turkish. The nine simple tenses are: simple past ({{lang|tr|di'li geçmiş}}), inferential past ({{lang|tr|miş'li geçmiş}}), present continuous, simple present ([[Aorist#Turkish|aorist]]), future, optative, [[Subjunctive mood#Turkish|subjunctive]], necessitative ("must") and imperative.<ref>[http://tr.scribd.com/doc/115291192/TURKISH-GRAMMAR-UPDATED-ACADEMIC-EDITION-YUKSEL-GOKNEL-OCTOBER-2012-signed-pdf Yüksel Göknel:Turkish Grammar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044640/http://tr.scribd.com/doc/115291192/TURKISH-GRAMMAR-UPDATED-ACADEMIC-EDITION-YUKSEL-GOKNEL-OCTOBER-2012-signed-pdf |date=2013-05-16 }}{{full citation needed|date=July 2014}}</ref> There are three groups of compound forms. Story ({{lang|tr|hikaye}}) is the witnessed past of the above forms (except command), referral ({{lang|tr|rivayet}}) is the unwitnessed past of the above forms (except simple past and command), conditional ({{lang|tr|koşul}}) is the conditional form of the first five basic tenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turkishstudies.net/Makaleler/1934555583_85Kad%c4%b1u%20Spartak_S-1593-1603.pdf |title=Turkish Studies Vol 7/3 |language=tr |access-date=2013-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313043006/http://www.turkishstudies.net/Makaleler/1934555583_85Kad%c4%b1u%20Spartak_S-1593-1603.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the example below, the second person singular of the verb {{lang|tr|gitmek}} ("go"), stem {{lang|tr|gid-/git-}}, is shown.
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!English of the basic form
!Basic tense
!Story ({{lang|tr|hikâye}})
!Referral ({{lang|tr|rivayet}})
!Condition ({{lang|tr|koşul}})
|-
|you went || {{lang|tr|gittin}} || {{lang|tr|gittiydin}} || – || {{lang|tr|gittiysen}}
|-
|you have gone || {{lang|tr|gitmişsin}} || {{lang|tr|gitmiştin}} ||  {{lang|tr|gitmişmişsin}} || {{lang|tr|gitmişsen}}
|-
|you are going || {{lang|tr|gidiyorsun}} || {{lang|tr|gidiyordun}} || {{lang|tr|gidiyormuşsun}} || {{lang|tr|gidiyorsan}}
|-
|you (are want to) go || {{lang|tr|gidersin}} || {{lang|tr|giderdin}} || {{lang|tr|gidermişsin}} || {{lang|tr|gidersen}}
|-
|you will go || {{lang|tr|gideceksin}} || {{lang|tr|gidecektin}} || {{lang|tr|gidecekmişsin}} || {{lang|tr|gideceksen}}
|-
|if only you go || {{lang|tr|gitsen}} || {{lang|tr|gitseydin}} || {{lang|tr|gitseymişsin}} || –
|-
|may you go  || {{lang|tr|gidesin}} || {{lang|tr|gideydin}} || {{lang|tr|gideymişsin}} || –
|-
|you must go || {{lang|tr|gitmelisin}} || {{lang|tr|gitmeliydin}} || {{lang|tr|gitmeliymişsin}} || –
|-
|go! (imperative) || {{lang|tr|git}} || – || – || –
|}

There are also so-called combined verbs, which are created by suffixing certain verb stems (like {{lang|tr|bil}} or {{lang|tr|ver}}) to the original stem of a verb. {{lang|tr|Bil}} is the suffix for the sufficiency mood. It is the equivalent of the English auxiliary verbs "able to", "can" or "may". {{lang|tr|Ver}} is the suffix for the swiftness mood, {{lang|tr|kal}} for the perpetuity mood and {{lang|tr|yaz}} for the approach ("almost") mood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dersimizedebiyat.com/icerik_detay.asp?icr=63&bs=S%F6zc%FCk%20(%20Kelime%20)%20T%FCrleri%20-%20Fiiller%20(%20Eylemler%20) |title=Dersimiz Edebiyat Online course |language=tr |publisher=Dersimizedebiyat.com |access-date=2013-03-29 |archive-date=2013-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518100639/http://www.dersimizedebiyat.com/icerik_detay.asp?icr=63&bs=S%F6zc%FCk%20(%20Kelime%20)%20T%FCrleri%20-%20Fiiller%20(%20Eylemler%20) |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus, while {{lang|tr|gittin}} means "you went", {{lang|tr|gidebildin}} means "you could go" and {{lang|tr|gidiverdin}} means "you went swiftly". The tenses of the combined verbs are formed the same way as for simple verbs.

==== Attributive verbs (participles) ====

Turkish verbs have [[Attributive verb|attributive forms]], including present,{{efn|The conventional translation of the film title ''[[Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam]]'', ''The Man Who Saved the World'', uses the past tense. Semantically, his saving the world takes place though in the (narrative) present.}} similar to the English [[present participle]] (with the ending {{italics correction|''-en''}}<sup>2</sup>); future ({{italics correction|''-ecek''}}<sup>2</sup>); indirect/inferential past ({{italics correction|''-miş''}}<sup>4</sup>); and [[Aorist#Turkish|aorist]] ({{italics correction|''-er''}}<sup>2</sup> or {{italics correction|''-ir''}}<sup>4</sup>).

The most important function of some of these attributive verbs is to form modifying phrases equivalent to the [[relative clause]]s found in most European languages. The subject of the verb in an {{italics correction|''-en''}}<sup>2</sup> form is (possibly implicitly) in the third person (he/she/it/they); this form, when used in a modifying phrase, does not change according to number. The other attributive forms used in these constructions are the future ({{italics correction|''-ecek''}}<sup>2</sup>) and an older form ({{italics correction|''-dik''}}<sup>4</sup>), which covers both present and past meanings.{{efn|See Lewis (2001):163–165, 260–262 for an exhaustive treatment.<ref name=lewis2001/>}} These two forms take "personal endings," which have the same form as the [[Possessive affix#Turkish|possessive suffix]]es but indicate the person and possibly number of the subject of the attributive verb; for example, ''yediğ'''im''''' means "what '''I''' eat," ''yediğ'''in''''' means "what '''you''' eat," and so on. The use of these "personal or relative participles" is illustrated in the following table, in which the examples are presented according to the grammatical case which would be seen in the equivalent English relative clause.{{efn|For the terms ''personal'' and ''relative'' participle see Lewis (1958):98 and Lewis (2001):163 respectively. Most of the examples are taken from Lewis (2001).<ref name=lewis2001/>}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|English equivalent
!rowspan="2"|Example
|-
!Case of relative pronoun
!Pronoun
|-
|Nominative
|who, which/that
|{{interlinear|şimdi konuşan adam|now speaking man|the man (who is) now speaking}}
|-
|Genitive
|whose (nom.)
|{{interlinear|babası şimdi konuşan adam|father-is now speaking man|the man whose father is now speaking}}
|-
|
|whose (acc.)
|{{interlinear|babasını dün gördüğüm adam|father-is-ACC yesterday seen-my man|the man whose father I saw yesterday}}
|-
|
|at whose
|{{interlinear|resimlerine baktığımız ressam|pictures-is-to looked-our artist|the artist whose pictures we looked at}}
|-
|
|of which
|{{interlinear|muhtarı seçildiği köy|mayor-its been-chosen-his village|the village of which he was elected mayor}}<!--Note to future editors: ''muhtarı seçildiği köy'' (the village of which he was elected mayor) and ''muhtarın seçildiği köy'' (the village where the mayor was elected) have absolutely different meanings.-->
|-
|
|of which
|{{interlinear|muhtarı seçilmek istediği köy|the village of which he wishes to be elected mayor}}<!--Note to future editors: ''muhtarı seçildiği köy'' (the village of which he was elected mayor) and ''muhtarın seçildiği köy'' (the village where the mayor was elected) have absolutely different meanings.-->
|-
|Remaining cases (incl. prepositions)
|whom, which
|{{interlinear|yazdığım mektup|written-my letter|the letter (which) I wrote}}
|-
|
|from which
|{{interlinear|çıktığımız kapı|emerged-our door|the door from which we emerged}}
|-
|
|on which
|{{interlinear|geldikleri vapur|come-their ship|the ship they came on}}
|-
|
|which + subordinate clause
|{{interlinear|yaklaştığını anladığı hapishane günleri|approach-their-ACC understood-his prison days-its|the prison days (which) he knew were approaching}}{{efn|This more complex example from [[Orhan Pamuk]]'s ''Kar'' (''[[Snow (Pamuk novel)|Snow]]'') contains a nested structure: <nowiki>[</nowiki>''which he knew'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>''were approaching''<nowiki>]]</nowiki>. [[Maureen Freely]]'s more succinct and idiomatic translation is ''the days in prison he knew lay ahead''. Pamuk uses the spelling ''hapisane''.}}{{efn|From the perspective of Turkish grammar ''yaklaştığını anladığı'' is exactly parallel to ''babasını gördüğüm'' ("whose father I saw"), and could therefore be paraphrased as "whose approaching he understood".}}
|}