Editing Renaissance architecture (section)

==High Renaissance==
{{main|High Renaissance}}

In the late 15th century and early 16th century, architects such as [[Bramante]], [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]] and others showed a mastery of the revived style and ability to apply it to buildings such as churches and city palazzo which were quite different from the structures of ancient times. The style became more decorated and ornamental, statuary, domes and [[cupola]]s becoming very evident. The architectural period is known as the "High Renaissance" and coincides with the age of [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo]], [[Michelangelo]] and [[Raphael]].

===Bramante===
[[Donato Bramante]], (1444–1514), was born in [[Urbino]] and turned from painting to architecture, finding his first important patronage under [[Ludovico Sforza]], Duke of Milan, for whom he produced a number of buildings over 20 years. After the fall of [[Milan]] to the French in 1499, Bramante travelled to Rome where he achieved great success under papal patronage.<ref name= I.R. />
[[File:Milan Santa Maria della Crazie Bramante.jpg|thumb|The crossing of Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan (1490)]]

Bramante's finest architectural achievement in Milan is his addition of crossing and choir to the abbey church of [[Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)]]. This is a brick structure, the form of which owes much to the Northern Italian tradition of square domed [[Baptistery|baptisteries]]. The new building is almost centrally planned, except that, because of the site, the chancel extends further than the transept arms. The hemispherical dome, of approximately 20 metres across, rises up hidden inside an octagonal [[drum (architecture)|drum]] pierced at the upper level with arched classical openings. The whole exterior has delineated details decorated with the local [[terracotta]] ornamentation. From 1488 to 1492 he worked for [[Ascanio Sforza]] on [[Pavia Cathedral]], on which he imposed a central plan scheme and built some apses and the crypt, inspired by the thermal baths of the Roman age.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benevolo |first1=Leonardo |title=The Architecture of the Renaissance |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |location=London- New York |isbn=0-415-26709-9 |page=250}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/PV240-00052/|title=Duomo di Pavia|work=Lombardia Beni Culturali|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135722/https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/PV240-00052/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Rome Bramante created what has been described as "a perfect architectural gem",<ref name=BF /> the [[San Pietro in Montorio#The Tempietto|Tempietto]] in the Cloister of [[San Pietro in Montorio]]. This small circular temple marks the spot where St Peter was martyred and is thus the most sacred site in Rome. The building adapts the style apparent in the remains of the [[Temple of Vesta]], the most sacred site of Ancient Rome. It is enclosed by and in spatial contrast with the cloister which surrounds it. As approached from the cloister, as in the [[:File:Tempietto, links.jpg|picture above]], it is seen framed by an arch and columns, the shape of which are echoed in its free-standing form.

Bramante went on to work on the [[Apostolic Palace]], where he designed the [[Cortile del Belvedere]]. In 1506 his design for [[Pope Julius II]]'s rebuilding of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] was selected, and the foundation stone laid. After Bramante's death and many changes of plan, [[Michelangelo]], as chief architect, reverted to something closer to Bramante's original proposal.<ref name=BF />

[[File:Palais Farnese.jpg|thumb|[[Palazzo Farnese]], [[Rome]] (1534–1545). Designed by [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]] and [[Michelangelo]].]]

===Sangallo===
[[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]] (1485–1546) was one of a family of [[Military engineering|military engineers]]. His uncle, [[Giuliano da Sangallo]] was one of those who submitted a plan for the rebuilding of St Peter's and was briefly a co-director of the project, with [[Raphael]].<ref name= I.R. />

Antonio da Sangallo also submitted a plan for St Peter's and became the chief architect after the death of Raphael, to be succeeded himself by Michelangelo.

His fame does not rest upon his association with St Peter's but in his building of the [[Farnese Palace]], "the grandest palace of this period", started in 1530.<ref name=BF /> The impression of grandness lies in part in its sheer size, (56&nbsp;m long by 29.5 meters high) and in its lofty location overlooking a broad piazza. Unusually for such a large and luxurious house of the time, it was built principally of stuccoed brick, rather than of stone. Against the smooth pink-washed walls the stone quoins of the corners, the massive rusticated portal and the repetition of finely detailed windows produce an elegant effect. The upper of the three equally sized floors was added by Michelangelo. The travertine for its architectural details came not from a quarry, but from the [[Colosseum]].<ref name=BF />

[[File:Palazzo Pandolfini, view 02 crop.JPG|thumb|left|Palazzo Pandolfini, Florence, by Raphael]]

===Raphael===
[[Raphael]] (1483–1520), born in [[Urbino]], trained under [[Perugino]] in [[Perugia]] before moving to Florence, was for a time the chief architect for St. Peter's, working in conjunction with Antonio Sangallo. He also designed a number of buildings, most of which were finished by others. His single most influential work is the [[Palazzo Pandolfini]] in Florence with its two stories of strongly articulated windows of a "[[Aedicula|tabernacle]]" type, each set around with ordered pilasters, cornice and alternate arched and triangular pediments.<ref name=BF />
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