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== References == === Classical sources === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{citation | author=[[Xenophanes]] | title=Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker | translator-first1=Diels | translator-last1=Hermann | editor-first1=Kranz | editor-last1=Walther | orig-year={{circa|525}} BC | year=1960 | volume=I | page=130 | chapter= Xenophanes: Leben und Lehre (Life and Teachings) | publisher=Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung | location=Berlin | edition=9th | url=https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder001/page/n139/mode/2up | url-access=registration | via=[[Internet Archive]] | ref = {{harvid|DK 21B7}} | oclc= 1072633182 }}. [The original Greek fragments of Xenophanes are provided, which are primarily preserved through the work of Diogenes ({{harvnb|Diog VIII}}). For English translation see {{harvp|Burnet|1920}}.] * {{citation | title=Early Greek Philosophy | author-mask=3 | author=[[Xenophanes]] | translator-first1=John | translator-last1=Burnet | orig-year={{circa|525}} BC | year=1920 | chapter= Science and Religion | publisher=A. & C. Black, Ltd. | location=London | edition = 3rd | page=118 | url=https://archive.org/details/earlygreekphilos00burnrich/page/118/mode/2up | url-access=registration | via=[[Internet Archive]] | oclc=3610194 | ref={{harvid|Burnet|1920}} }}. [An English translation of {{harvp|DK 21B7}}.] * {{citation | author=[[Herodotus]] | chapter = Book II | title= The Persian Wars | translator-first=A. D. | translator-last=Godley | orig-year={{circa|430}} BC | year=1920 | volume=I | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D123%3Asection%3D1 | via=[[Perseus Digital Library]] (perseus.tufts.edu) | ref = {{harvid|Hdt. 2}} | isbn= 978-0-674-99130-9 | oclc= 966656476 }} * {{citation | author-mask=3 | author=[[Herodotus]] | chapter = Book IV | title= The Persian Wars | translator-first=A. D. | translator-last=Godley | orig-year={{circa|430}} BC | year=1920 | volume=II | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D95 | via=[[Perseus Digital Library]] (perseus.tufts.edu) | ref = {{harvid|Hdt. 4}} | isbn= 978-0-674-99131-6 | oclc= 966656315 }} * {{cite book | last1=Plato | author-link1 = Plato | chapter=Republic | title=Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5 & 6 | translator-last=Shorey | translator-first=Paul | year=1969 | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | orig-date = {{circa|380}} BC | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D530d#note-link3 | via=[[Perseus Digital Library]] (perseus.tufts.edu) | ref={{harvid|Plato, Republic}} | oclc = 6947747 | isbn = 978-0-674-99304-4 }} *{{cite web | last1=Aristotle | title=Protrepticus | date=2017 | orig-date = {{circa|350}} BC | url=https://philarchive.org/archive/ARIP-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512120114/https://philarchive.org/archive/ARIP-29 | archive-date=12 May 2024 | editor-last1=Johnson | editor-first1=Monte Ransome | editor-last2=Hutchinson | editor-first2=D. S | via=[[PhilPapers]] | ref={{harvid|Aristot. Protrepticus}} | author1-link=Aristotle }} * {{cite book | author-mask=3 | last1 = Aristotle | chapter= De Anima | title = The Works of Aristotle Translated into English | series= | volume = 3 | editor-last1= Ross | editor-first1= W.D. | translator-last1 = Smith | translator-first1 = J. A. | location = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1931 | orig-date = {{circa|350}} BC | url = https://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/soul.1.i.html | via= The Internet Classics Archive (classics.mit.edu) | ref={{harvid|Aristot. De Anima}} | oclc = 237147799 }} * {{cite book | author-mask=3 | last1 = Aristotle | author-link1 = Aristotle | chapter= Book I | title = Metaphysics Books I–IX | volume = XVII | translator-last1 = Tredennick | translator-first1 = Hugh | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | date = 1933 | orig-date = {{circa|350}} BC | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0052:book=1:section=986a | via=[[Perseus Digital Library]] (perseus.tufts.edu) | ref={{harvid|Aristot. Met. 1}} | oclc = 958278244 | isbn = 978-0-674-99299-3 }} * {{citation | author=[[Cicero]] | chapter = De Re Publica | title= On the Republic. On the Laws (De Re Publica. De Legibus) | translator-first= Clinton W. | translator-last= Keyes | orig-year={{circa|52}} BC | year=1928 | volume= XVI | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ciceroderepublic0000clin/page/334/mode/2up | chapter-url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | ref = {{harvid|Cicero, De Re Publica}} | isbn=978-0-674-99235-1 | oclc=298443420 }} * {{citation | author-mask=3 | author=[[Cicero]] | chapter = De Legibus | title= On the Republic. On the Laws (De Re Publica. De Legibus) | translator-first= Clinton W. | translator-last= Keyes | orig-year={{circa|52}} BC | year=1928 | volume= XVI | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ciceroderepublic0000clin/page/334/mode/2up | chapter-url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | ref = {{harvid|Cicero, de Leg}} | isbn=978-0-674-99235-1 | oclc=298443420 }} * {{citation | author-mask=3 | author=[[Cicero]] | chapter = | title= On the Ends of Good and Evil (De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum) | translator-first=Rackham | translator-last=H. | orig-year={{circa|45}} BC | year=1914 | volume= XVII | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/de_Finibus/5*.html | via = [[LacusCurtius]] | ref = {{harvid|Cicero, de Finibus}} | isbn= 978-0-674-99044-9 | oclc= 298443420 }} * {{citation | author=[[Cicero]] | author-mask=3 | chapter = | title= Tusculan Disputations (Tusculanae Disputationes) | translator-first=King | translator-last=J.E. | orig-year={{circa|45}} BC | year=1923 | volume= XVIII | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | url=https://archive.org/details/cicerostusculand0000tran/mode/2up | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | ref = {{harvid|Cicero, Tusc. Qu}} | isbn= 978-0-674-99156-9 | oclc= 298443420 }} * {{citation | author-mask=3 | author=[[Cicero]] | chapter = De Divinatione I | title= On Old Age. On Friendship. On Divination (De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione) | translator-first=Falconer | translator-last= W. A. | orig-year={{circa|44}} BC | year=1927 | volume= XX | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cicerodesenectut00cice/page/344/mode/2up?q=+Pherecydes | chapter-url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | ref = {{harvid|Cicero, de Div. I}} | isbn= 978-0-674-99170-5 | oclc= 298443420 }} * {{citation | author-mask=3 | author=[[Cicero]] | chapter = | title= On Duties (De officiis) | translator-first= Walter | translator-last= Miller | orig-year={{circa|44}} BC | year=1913 | volume= XXI | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | url=https://archive.org/details/cicerodeofficiis0000cice/page/58/mode/2up | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | ref = {{harvid|Cicero, de Off}} | isbn=978-0-674-99033-3 | oclc= 298443420 }} * {{cite book | last = [[Plutarch]] | title = Plutarch's Moralia | volume = V | year = 1962 | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | translator1-last = Babbitt | translator1-first = Frank Cole | chapter = On Isis and Osiris (De Iside Et Osiride) | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/plutarchsmoralia0005plut/page/24/mode/2up | chapter-url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] |oclc = 13897903 | orig-year={{circa|100}} AD | ref = {{harvid|Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride}} }} * {{cite book |author-mask=3 | last = Plutarch | title = Plutarch's Moralia | volume = VII | year = 1968 | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | translator1-last = De Lacy | translator1-first = Phillip H. | translator2-last = Einarson | translator2-first = Benedict | chapter =On the Signs of Socrates (De Genio Socratis) | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/plutarchsmoralia07plut/page/360/mode/2up | oclc=938641243 | chapter-url-access=registration | via=[[Internet Archive]] | ref={{harvid|Plutarch, de Gen. Socr}} | orig-year={{circa|100}} AD }} * {{cite book | author-mask=3 | last = Plutarch | title = Plutarch's Moralia | volume = XII | year = 1957 | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | translator1-last = Helmbold | translator1-first = William C. | translator2-last = Cherniss | translator2-first = Harold | chapter = On the Eating of Flesh (Du Esu Carnium) | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/plutarchsmoralia12plut/page/540/mode/2up | chapter-url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | ref = {{harvid|Plutarch, de Esu Carn}} | orig-year = {{circa|100}} AD }} * {{cite book | author-mask=3 | last = Plutarch | title = Plutarch's Moralia | volume = XIV | year = 1967 | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | translator1-last = Einarson | translator1-first = Benedict | translator2-last = de Lacy | translator2-first = Phillip H. | chapter = That Epicurus Actually Makes a Pleasant Life Impossible (Non posse suaviter vivi secundum Epicurum) | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/plutarchsmoralia14lut/page/66/mode/2up | chapter-url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | ref = {{harvid|Plutarch, Non posse suav. vivi sec. Ep.}} | orig-year = {{circa|100}} AD }} * {{citation | author=[[Apuleius]] | chapter=Apologia | title=The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius of Madaura | translator-first=Butler | translator-last=Harold Edgeworth | orig-year={{circa|150}} AD | year=1970 | publisher=Greenwood Press | location= Westport, Conn. | url=https://archive.org/details/apologiafloridao0000apul/page/18/mode/2up | url-access=registration | via=[[Internet Archive]] | ref={{harvid|Apuleius}} | oclc=313541 | isbn=978-0-8371-3066-8 }}. [Which claims Zoroaster taught Pythagoras, also found in {{harvp|Strom|loc=1.15}}.] * {{cite book | author=[[Diogenes Laërtius]] | title=Lives of the Eminent Philosophers | orig-year={{circa|200}} AD | year=1925 | translator-first=Robert Drew | translator-last=Hicks | volume=I | chapter=Book I | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | url = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_I | via=[[Wikisource]] | oclc=908430780 | isbn=978-0-674-99203-0 | ref={{harvid|Diog I}} }} * {{cite book | author-mask=3 | author=[[Diogenes Laërtius]] | title=Lives of the Eminent Philosophers | orig-year={{circa|200}} AD | year=1925 | translator-first=Robert Drew | translator-last=Hicks | volume=II | chapter=Book VIII | publisher = Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd | location = Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | url = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_VIII#Pythagoras | via=[[Wikisource]] | oclc=758307224 | isbn=978-0-674-99204-7 | ref={{harvid|Diog VIII}} }} * {{citation | author=[[Clement of Alexandria]] | title= Stromateis (Miscellanies) | chapter=Book I, Chapter XV | orig-year={{circa|200}} AD | year=1991 | publisher=Catholic University of America Press | location=Washington, D.C. | translator-first=Ferguson | translator-last=John | series=The Fathers of the Church | volume=86 | oclc= 647919762 | isbn =978-0-8132-1185-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/stromateisbookso0085clem/page/72/mode/2up | url-access=registration | via=[[Internet Archive]] | ref={{harvid|Strom}} }} * {{cite book | author=[[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] | chapter=Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras) | title=The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library | orig-year={{circa|270}} AD | year=1987 | translator-first=Kenneth Sylvan | translator-last=Guthrie | editor-last=Fideler | editor-first=David R. | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/guthrie-1987-the-pythagorean-sourcebook-and-library/page/122/mode/2up | publisher=Phanes Press | location=Michigan | isbn=978-0-933999-50-3 | oclc=16130530 | chapter-url-access=registration | via=[[Internet Archive]] | ref={{harvid|Porphyry, Vit. Pyth}} }} * {{cite book | author=[[Iamblichus (philosopher)|Iamblichus]] | chapter=De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life) | title=The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library | orig-year={{circa|300}} AD | year=1987 | translator-first=Kenneth Sylvan | translator-last=Guthrie | editor-last=Fideler | editor-first=David R. | publisher=Phanes Press | location=Michigan | isbn = 978-0-933999-50-3 | oclc=16130530 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/guthrie-1987-the-pythagorean-sourcebook-and-library/page/n49/mode/2up | chapter-url-access=registration | via=[[Internet Archive]] | ref={{harvid|Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth}} }} * {{cite book | author=[[Hierocles of Alexandria]] | chapter=Golden Verses of Pythagoras | title=The Pythagorean Golden Verses: With Introduction and Commentary | orig-year={{circa|430}} AD | year=1995 | translator-first=Johan C. | translator-last=Thom | series=Religions in the Graeco-Roman World | volume=123 | publisher=E.J. Brill | location= Leiden | isbn = 978-90-04-10105-0 | oclc= 31131998 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/pythagoreangolde0000unse/page/94/mode/2up | chapter-url-access=registration | via=[[Internet Archive]] | ref={{harvid|Hierocles, Carmen Aureum}} }} {{refend}} === Modern secondary sources === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teoyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=Iamblichus and the Foundations of Late Platonism |publisher=Brill |year=2012 |last=Afonasin |first=Eugene V. |editor-last1=Afonasin |editor-first1=Eugene V. |editor-last2=Dillon |editor-first2=John M. |editor-last3=Finamore |editor-first3=John |place=Leiden and Boston |isbn=978-90-04-23011-8 }} * {{citation |last1=Asheri |first1=David |author1-link=David Asheri|last2=Lloyd |first2=Alan<!-- Note: This is Alan B. Lloyd of the University of Wales, not popular history writer Alan R. Lloyd --> |last3=Corcella |first3=Aldo |year=2007 |title=A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-814956-9}} * {{citation|last=Borlik|first=Todd A.|date=2011|title=Ecocriticism and Early Modern English Literature: Green Pastures|url=https://archive.org/details/ecocriticismearl0000borl/mode/2up|url-access = registration| series = Routledge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture |location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-81924-1}} * {{citation|last=Bowra|first=C. M.|author-link=Maurice Bowra|date=1994|orig-year=1957|title=The Greek Experience|location=London, England|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson History|isbn=978-1-85799-122-2}} * {{cite book | last1=Boyer | first1=Carl B. | last2=Merzbach | first2=Uta C. | title=A History of Mathematics | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | publication-place=Hoboken, N.J. | orig-date=1968 | date=2011 | edition=3rd | isbn=978-0-470-52548-7}} * {{citation|last=Bregman|first=Jay|date=2002|article=Neoplatonism and American Aesthetics|title=Neoplatonism and Western Aesthetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAKTvVIcwTgC&q=Pythagoras+and+the+Transcendentalists&pg=PA186|editor1-last=Alexandrakis|editor1-first=Aphrodite|editor2-last=Moulafakis|editor2-first=Nicholas J.|location=Albany, New York|publisher=State University of New York Press|series=Studies in Neoplatonism: Ancient and Modern|volume=12|isbn=978-0-7914-5280-6}} *{{citation | last = Burkert | first = Walter | date = May 1960 | issue = 2 | journal = Hermes | jstor = 4475110 | language = de | pages = 159–177 | title = Platon oder Pythagoras? Zum Ursprung des Wortes "Philosophie" | volume = 88}} * {{citation|last=Burkert|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Burkert|date=1 June 1972|title=Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism|url=https://archive.org/details/lorescienceinanc0000burk/mode/2up|url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-53918-1}} * {{citation|last=Burkert|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Burkert|date=1985|title=Greek Religion|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-674-36281-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk}} * {{citation |last=Cameron |first=Alan |year=2004 |title=Greek Mythography in the Roman World |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803821-4 }} * {{citation|last=Celenza|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Celenza|date=2010|chapter=Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism|title=The Classical Tradition|editor1-last=Grafton|editor1-first=Anthony|editor1-link=Anthony Grafton|editor2-last=Most|editor2-first=Glenn W.|editor2-link=Glenn W. Most|editor3-last=Settis|editor3-first=Salvatore|publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England|isbn=978-0-674-03572-0|pages=796–799}} * {{citation|last=Copleston|first=Frederick|author-link=Frederick Copleston|date=2003|orig-year=1946|chapter=The Pythagorean Society|title=A History of Philosophy|volume=1 Greece and Rome|location=London, England and New York City, New York|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-6947-2}} * {{citation|last1=Cornelli|first1=Gabriele|last2=McKirahan|first2=Richard|date=2013|title=In Search of Pythagoreanism: Pythagoreanism as an Historiographical Category|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0ihjZufKncC&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA50|location=Berlin, Germany|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-030650-7}} * {{cite book | last = De Vogel | first = Cornelia J. | author-link= Cornelia Johanna de Vogel | title = Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism: An Interpretation of Neglected Evidence on the Philosopher Pythagoras | year = 1966 | location = Assen | publisher = Van Gorcum | oclc= 513833 }} * {{citation|last=Dicks|first=D. R.|date=1970|title=Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle|location=Ithaca, New York|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-0561-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/earlygreekastron0000dick}} * {{cite book | last1=Dillon | first1=John | last2=Hershbell | first2=Jackson | editor-last=Betz | editor-first=Hans Dieter | editor-last2=O'Neill | editor-first2=Edward N. | title= Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean way of life: Text, Translation and Notes | series = Text and Translations 29: Graeco Romain Religion Series | volume = 11 | publisher=Scholars Press | publication-place= Atlanta, Georgia | date=1991 | isbn=1-55540-522-3 | url =https://archive.org/details/onpythagoreanway0000iamb/mode/2up | url-access=registration | via=[[Internet Archive]] }} * {{citation|last=Dillon|first=Sheila|date=24 December 2005|title=Ancient Greek Portrait Sculpture: Context, Subjects, and Styles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fFa42_0Gb0C&q=Archytas+bust+actually+Pythagoras&pg=PA163|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-61078-1}} * {{citation|last=French|first=Peter J.|date=2002|orig-year=1972|title=John Dee: The World of the Elizabethan Magus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcJYAQAAQBAJ&q=John+Dee+Pythagoras&pg=PA30|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7448-0079-1}} * {{citation|last=Grant|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Grant (classicist)|date=1989|title=The Classical Greeks|series=History of Civilization|location=New York City, New York|publisher=Charles Schribner's Sons|isbn=978-0-684-19126-3|url=https://archive.org/details/classicalgreeks00gran_0}} * {{cite book |last=Gregory |first=Andrew |date=2015 |chapter=The Pythagoreans: number and numerology |title=Mathematicians and their Gods: Interactions between mathematics and religious beliefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Zu9CQAAQBAJ |editor-last=Lawrence |editor-first=Snezana |editor-link=Snezana Lawrence |editor-last2=McCartney |editor-first2=Mark |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-100755-2 |pages=21–50}} * {{citation|last=Hare|first=R. 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