Editing Psilocybin (section)

===Analytical methods===
Several relatively simple [[chemical test]]s—commercially available as [[reagent testing]] kits—can be used to assess the presence of psilocybin in [[extract]]s prepared from mushrooms. The drug produces a yellow color in the [[Marquis test]] and a green color in the [[Mandelin reagent]].<ref name=Levine2003/> Neither of these tests is specific for psilocybin; for example, the Marquis test will react with many classes of controlled drugs, such as those containing [[Primary amine|primary amino]] groups and unsubstituted [[benzene ring]]s, including [[amphetamine]] and [[methamphetamine]].<ref name=Cole2003/> [[Ehrlich's reagent]] and [[DMACA reagent]] are used as chemical sprays to detect the drug after [[thin layer chromatography]].<ref name=Bresinsky1989/> Many modern techniques of [[analytical chemistry]] have been used to quantify psilocybin levels in mushroom samples. Although the earliest methods commonly used [[gas chromatography]], the high temperature required to [[Volatility (chemistry)|vaporize]] the psilocybin sample before analysis causes it to spontaneously lose its phosphoryl group and become psilocin, making it difficult to chemically discriminate between the two drugs. In [[forensic toxicology]], techniques involving [[Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry|gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry]] (GC–MS) are the most widely used due to their high sensitivity and ability to separate compounds in complex biological mixtures.<ref name=Kamata2010/> These techniques include [[ion mobility spectrometry]],<ref name=Keller1999/> [[capillary zone electrophoresis]],<ref name=Pedersen1997/> [[ultraviolet spectroscopy]],<ref name=Lee1985/> and [[infrared spectroscopy]].<ref name=Wurst1992/> [[High-performance liquid chromatography]] (HPLC) is used with ultraviolet,<ref name=Anastos2006/> [[Fluorescence spectroscopy|fluorescence]],<ref name=Saito2004/> [[electrochemical]],<ref name=Lindenblatt1998/> and [[Electrospray ionization|electrospray]] mass spectrometric detection methods.<ref name=RodriguezCruz2005/>

Various chromatographic methods have been developed to detect psilocin in [[body fluids]]: the rapid emergency drug identification system (REMEDi HS), a [[drug screening]] method based on HPLC;<ref name=Sticht2000/> HPLC with electrochemical detection;<ref name=Lindenblatt1998/><ref name=Kysilka1990/> GC–MS;<ref name=Grieshaber2001/><ref name=Sticht2000/> and [[Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry|liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry]].<ref name=Kamata2003/> Although the determination of psilocin levels in urine can be performed without sample cleanup (i.e., removing potential contaminants that make it difficult to accurately assess concentration), the analysis in [[blood plasma|plasma]] or [[blood serum|serum]] requires preliminary [[Liquid-liquid extraction|extraction]] followed by [[derivatization]] of the extracts in the case of GC–MS. A specific [[immunoassay]] has also been developed to detect psilocin in whole blood samples.<ref name=Albers2004/> A 2009 publication reported using HPLC to quickly separate forensically important illicit drugs including psilocybin and psilocin, which were identifiable within about 30 seconds of analysis time.<ref name=Lurie2009/> But these analytical techniques to determine psilocybin concentrations in body fluids are not routinely available and not typically used in [[Clinical chemistry|clinical]] settings.<ref name=Attema2007/>