Editing Postpartum depression (section)

=== United States ===

==== Educational interventions ====
Educational interventions can help women struggling with postpartum depression (PPD) to cultivate coping strategies and develop resiliency. The phenomenon of "scientific motherhood" represents the origin of women's education on perinatal care with publications like [[Ms. (magazine)|''Ms''.]] circulating some of the first press articles on PPD that helped to normalize the symptoms that women experienced.<ref name="Held-2012">Held, L., & Rutherford, A. (2012). Can't a mother sing the blues? Postpartum depression and the construction of motherhood in late 20th-century America. History of psychology, 15(2), 107.</ref> Feminist writings on PPD from the early seventies shed light on the darker realities of motherhood and amplified the lived experiences of mothers with PPD.

Instructional videos have been popular among women who turn to the internet for PPD treatment, especially when the videos are interactive and get patients involved in their treatment plans.<ref name="Maloni-2013">Maloni, J. A., Przeworski, A., & Damato, E. G. (2013). Web recruitment and internet use and preferences reported by women with postpartum depression after pregnancy complications. ''Archives of psychiatric nursing'', ''27''(2), 90-95.</ref> Since the early 2000s, video tutorials on PPD have been integrated into many web-based training programs for individuals with PPD and are often considered a type of evidence-based management strategy for individuals.<ref>Baker, C. D., Kamke, H., O'Hara, M. W., & Stuart, S. (2009). Web-based training for implementing evidence-based management of postpartum depression. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 22(5), 588-589.</ref> This can take the form of objective-based learning, detailed exploration of case studies, resource guides for additional support and information, etc.<ref name="Maloni-2013" />

==== Government-funded programs ====
The National Child and Maternal Health Education Program functions as a larger education and outreach program supported by the [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|National Institute of Child Health and Human Development]] (NICHD) and the [[National Institutes of Health|National Institute of Health]]. The NICHD has worked alongside organizations like the [[World Health Organization]] to conduct research on the psychosocial development of children with part of their efforts going towards the support of mothers' health and safety.<ref>World Health Organization. (1985). ''WHO/NICHD Planning Meeting on the Use of Longitudinal Data Banks for Research on Child Growth and Psychosocial Development, AMRO, Washington, DC, 1–2 October 1984: report of the meeting'' (No. MNH/MCH/85.1. Unpublished). World Health Organization.</ref> Training and education services are offered through the NICHD to equip women and their healthcare providers with evidence-based knowledge of PPD.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apa.org/science/programs/gr/fnichd |title=Friends of National Institute of Child Health and Human Development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315210704/https://www.apa.org/science/programs/gr/fnichd |archive-date=15 Mar 2022 |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref>

Other initiatives include the [[Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) whose disaster relief program provides medical assistance at both the national and local level.<ref name="McCance-2018">McCance-Katz, E. F. (2018). The substance abuse and mental health services administration (SAMHSA): new directions. Psychiatric services, 69(10), 1046-1048.</ref> The disaster relief fund not only helps to raise awareness of the benefits of having healthcare professionals screen for PPD but also helps childhood professionals (home visitors and early care providers) develop the skills to diagnose and prevent PPD.<ref name="McCance-2018" /> The [[Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation]] (IECMH) center is a related technical assistance program that utilizes evidence-based treatment services to address issues of PPD. The IECMH facilitates parenting and home visit programs, early care site interventions with parents and children, and a variety of other consultation-based services.<ref>National Center for Children in Poverty. ''Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health in Home Visiting''. NCCP; Bank Street Graduate School of Education. https://www.nccp.org/mental-health-in-home-visiting/</ref> The IECMH's initiatives seek to educate home visitors on screening protocols for PPD as well as ways to refer depressed mothers to professional help.

==== Links to government-funded programs ====

* [https://www.nichd.nih.gov/ncmhep] www.nichd.nih.gov/ncmhep
* [https://www.nichd.nih.gov/] www.nichd.nih.gov
* [https://www.samhsa.gov/] www.samhsa.gov
* [https://www.samhsa.gov/iecmhc] www.samhsa.gov/iecmhc

==== Psychotherapy ====
Therapeutic methods of intervention can begin as early as a few days post-birth when most mothers are discharged from hospitals. Research surveys have revealed a paucity of professional, and emotional support for women struggling in the weeks following delivery despite there being a heightened risk for PPD for new mothers during this transitional period.<ref name="Miller-2002">Miller, L. J. (2002). Postpartum depression. Jama, 287(6), 762-765.</ref>

==== Community-based support ====
A lack of social support has been identified as a barrier to seeking help for postpartum depression.<ref name="Thomas-2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas LJ, Scharp KM, Paxman CG | title = Stories of postpartum depression: exploring health constructs and help-seeking in mothers' talk | journal = Women & Health | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 373–387 | date = 2014-05-19 | pmid = 24617862 | doi = 10.1080/03630242.2014.896442 | s2cid = 39250196 }}</ref> Peer support programs have been identified as an effective intervention for women experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression.<ref name="Prevatt-2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Prevatt BS, Lowder EM, Desmarais SL | title = Peer-support intervention for postpartum depression: Participant satisfaction and program effectiveness | journal = Midwifery | volume = 64 | pages = 38–47 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 29908406 | doi = 10.1016/j.midw.2018.05.009 | s2cid = 49304436 }}</ref> In-person, online, and telephone support groups are available to both women and men throughout the United States. Peer support models are appealing to many women because they are offered in a group and outside of the mental health setting.<ref name="Prevatt-2018" /> The website Postpartum Progress provides a comprehensive list of support groups separated by state and includes the contact information for each group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression Support Groups in the U.S. & Canada |url=https://postpartumprogress.com/ppd-support-groups-in-the-u-s-canada |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=POSTPARTUM PROGRESS |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]] lists a virtual support group titled "The Shades of Blue Project," which is available to all women via the submission of a name and email address.<ref name="SBlue-2022">{{Cite web |title=HOME |url=https://www.shadesofblueproject.org/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Shades of Blue |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, NAMI recommends the website "National Association of Professional and Peer Lactation Supports of Color" for mothers in need of a lactation supporter.<ref name="NAPPLSC-2022">{{Cite web |title=National Association of Professional and Peer Lactation Supporters of Color - Provider Directory |url=http://napplsc.org/ProviderDirectory |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=napplsc.org}}</ref> Lactation assistance is available either online or in-person if there is support nearby.<ref name="NAPPLSC-2022" />

==== Personal narratives & memoirs ====
[https://postpartumprogress.com/ Postpartum Progress] is a blog focused on being a community of mothers talking openly about postpartum depression and other mental health conditions associated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=POSTPARTUM PROGRESS {{!}} postpartum depression and postpartum anxiety help for moms |url=https://postpartumprogress.com/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=POSTPARTUM PROGRESS |language=en-US}}</ref> Story-telling and online communities reduce the stigma around PPD and promote peer-based care. Postpartum Progress is specifically relevant to people of color and queer folks due to an emphasis on [[Cultural competence|cultural competency]].<ref name="Khúc-2019">Khúc, Mimi. ''The Asian American Literary Review''. Volume 10, Issue 2, Fall/winter 2019, "Open in Emergency : a Special Issue on Asian American Mental Health." Edited by Mimi Khúc, 2nd edition., The Asian American Literary Review, Inc., 2019.</ref>

==== Hotlines & telephone interviews ====
Hotlines, chat lines, and telephone interviews offer immediate, emergency support for those experiencing PPD. Telephone-based peer support can be effective in the prevention and treatment of postpartum depression among women at high risk.<ref name="Dennis-2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dennis CL, Chung-Lee L | title = Postpartum depression help-seeking barriers and maternal treatment preferences: a qualitative systematic review | journal = Birth | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 323–331 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17150072 | doi = 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2006.00130.x }}</ref> Established examples of telephone hotlines include the National Alliance on Mental Illness: 800-950-NAMI (6264),<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAMI HelpLine {{!}} NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness |url=https://www.nami.org/help |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.nami.org}}</ref> National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 800-273-TALK (8255),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=suicidepreventionlifeline.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Postpartum Support International: 800-944-4PPD (4773),<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSI HelpLine (English & Spanish) |url=https://www.postpartum.net/get-help/psi-helpline/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Postpartum Support International (PSI) |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[SAMHSA]]'s National Hotline: 1-800-662-HELP (4357).<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAMHSA's National Helpline {{!}} SAMHSA - Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/national-helpline |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.samhsa.gov |language=en}}</ref> [https://postpartumhealthalliance.org/ Postpartum Health Alliance] has an immediate, 24/7 support line in San Diego/San Diego Access and Crisis Line at (888) 724–7240, in which you can talk with mothers who have recovered from PPD and trained providers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Health Alliance {{!}} You are not alone |url=https://postpartumhealthalliance.org/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=postpartumhealthalliance.org}}</ref>

However, hotlines can lack cultural competency which is crucial in quality healthcare, specifically for people of color. Calling the police or 911, specifically for mental health crises, is dangerous for many people of color. Culturally and structurally competent emergency hotlines are a huge need in PPD care.<ref name="Khúc-2019" />

* [https://www.nami.org/help#:~:text=Find%20Help%20%26%20Support&text=To%20contact%20the%20NAMI%20HelpLine,to%20info%40nami.org. National Alliance on Mental Illness]: 800-950-NAMI (6264)
* [https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/ National Suicide Prevention Lifeline]: 800-273-TALK (8255)
* [https://www.postpartum.net/ Postpartum Support International]: 800-944-4PPD (4773)
* [https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/national-helpline SAMHSA's National Hotline]: 1-800-662-HELP (4357)

==== Self-care & well-being activities ====
Women demonstrated an interest in [[self-care]] and well-being in an online PPD prevention program. Self-care activities, specifically [[music therapy]], are accessible to most communities and valued among women as a way to connect with their children and manage symptoms of depression. Well-being activities associated with being outdoors, including walking and running, were noted amongst women as a way to help manage mood.<ref name="Ramphos-2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramphos ES, Kelman AR, Stanley ML, Barrera AZ | title = Responding to women's needs and preferences in an online program to prevent postpartum depression | journal = Internet Interventions | volume = 18 | page = 100275 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31890624 | pmc = 6926164 | doi = 10.1016/j.invent.2019.100275 }}</ref>