Editing Pope Pius IX (section)

===Austria===
The [[1848 revolution]] had mixed results for the Catholic Church in [[Austria-Hungary]]. It freed the church from the heavy hand of the state in its internal affairs, which was applauded by Pius IX. Similar to other countries, Austria-Hungary had significant anti-Catholic political movements, mainly [[Liberalism in Austria|liberals]], which forced the emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz-Joseph I]] in 1870 to renounce the [[Concordat of 1855]] with the Vatican. Austria had already in 1866 nullified several of its sections concerning the freedom of Catholic schools and prohibition of civil marriages.{{sfn|Franzen|Bäumer|1988|p=362}} After diplomatic approaches failed, Pius responded on 7 March 1874 with the encyclical ''Vix dum a nobis'', demanding religious freedom and freedom of education.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Despite these developments, there was no equivalent to the German [[Kulturkampf]] in Austria, and Pius created new dioceses throughout Austria-Hungary.{{sfn|Schmidlin|1922–1939|pp=141–143}}

[[File:Expulsion of the Russian envoy to the Holy See Felix von Meyendorff by Pope Pius IX.PNG|thumb|Expulsion of the Russian envoy Felix von Meyendorff by Pope Pius IX for insulting the Catholic faith]]