Editing Philippines (section)

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Philippine literature}}
[[File:Jose Rizal full.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=photograph of José Rizal|José Rizal's writings inspired the [[Philippine Revolution]].]]

Philippine literature consists of [[Filipiniana|works]] usually written in Filipino, [[Philippine literature in Spanish|Spanish]], or [[Philippine literature in English|English]]. Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th&nbsp;centuries.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ |title=Literaturen |date=1976 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-04331-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA277 277] |language=en}}</ref> They include {{lang|fil|[[Ibong Adarna]]}}, an epic about an eponymous magical bird,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Eulogio Balan |title=The Adarna Bird: A Filipino Tale of Pre-Spanish Origin Incorporated in the Development of Philippine Literature, the Rapid Growth of Vernacular Belles-letters from Its Earliest Inception to the Present Day |date=1933 |publisher=General Printing Press |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |pages=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001129/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AJV4301.0001.001/56 51]–[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001307/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ajv4301.0001.001/57 52] |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ajv4301.0001.001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001440/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AJV4301.0001.001 |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |oclc=34358713 |via=[[University of Michigan Library]]}}</ref> and {{lang|fil|[[Florante at Laura]]}} by Tagalog author [[Francisco Balagtas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lumbera |first1=Bienvenido |title='Florante at Laura' and the Formalization of Tradition in Tagalog Poetry |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=1967 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=545–575 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42720240}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Blanco |first=John D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC |title=Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines |date=February 24, 2009 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-94369-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC&pg=PA55 55] |language=en}}</ref> [[José Rizal]] wrote the novels {{lang|es|[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)|Noli Me Tángere]]}} and {{lang|es|[[El filibusterismo]]}},<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernad |first1=Miguel A. |title=Rizal in Guerrero's Translation: El Filibusterismo |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=1967 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=204 |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108185224/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425 |archive-date=November 8, 2017}}</ref> both of which depict the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tarver |editor-first1=H. Micheal |editor-last2=Slape |editor-first2=Emily |encyclopedia=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia |series=Empires of the World |volume=I |edition=Illustrated |title=Philippine Revolution (1896–1898) |date=July 25, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-422-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA108 108] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

[[Philippine folk literature|Folk literature]] was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, although [[Ilustrado|Filipino elites]] who later learned Spanish wrote [[Filipino nationalism|nationalistic]] literature.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA59|name=59–62}}}} The American arrival [[Education in the Philippines during American rule|began]] Filipino literary use of English<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA65|name=65–66}}}} and influenced the development of the [[Philippine comics]] industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Soledad S. |author1-link=Soledad Reyes |title=The Philippine 'Komiks': Text as Containment |journal=Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science |date=1997 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=81–81, 85–87 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |doi=10.1163/030382497X00059 |jstor=24492451 |issn=0303-8246 |oclc=9982710804}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Soledad S. |author1-link=Soledad Reyes |title=The Komiks and Retelling the Lore of the Folk |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=2009 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=389–390 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |jstor=42634017 |issn=0031-7837 |oclc=9975776944}}</ref> In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine literature was [[Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)|influenced by political activism]]; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA69|name=69–71}}}}

[[Philippine mythology]] has been handed down primarily through oral tradition;<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Fee |editor-first1=Christopher R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore |volume=I: A–F |title=Filipino American Folklore and Folktales |editor-last2=Webb |editor-first2=Jeffrey B. |date=August 29, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-568-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA369 369] |language=en |author-link1=Christopher R. Fee}}</ref> popular [[List of Philippine mythological figures|figures]] are [[Maria Makiling]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hardenberg |editor-first1=Wilko Graf von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gkqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=The Nature State: Rethinking the History of Conservation |series=Routledge Environmental Humanities series |editor-last2=Kelly |editor-first2=Matthew |editor-last3=Leal |editor-first3=Claudia |editor-last4=Wakild |editor-first4=Emily |date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-351-76463-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Biag ni Lam-Ang|Lam-ang]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villanueva |first1=Louie B. |title=Biag ni Lam-ang: An Ilokano Epic Analysis and Its Implication to Ilokano Folk Literature and Philippine Educational Development |journal=Journal of Tianjin University: Science and Technology |date=2022 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=624–625, 631 |doi=10.17605/OSF.IO/RYXCN |url=https://tianjindaxuexuebao.com/dashboard/uploads/39.%20RYXCN.pdf |access-date=May 1, 2023 |publisher=[[Tianjin University]] |issn=0493-2137}}</ref> and the [[Sarimanok]].<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA61|name=61}}}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Bane |first=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Beasts and Monsters in Myth, Legend and Folklore |title=Sarimanok |date=May 22, 2016 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-2268-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 279] |language=en}}</ref> The country has a number of [[Philippine epic poetry|folk epics]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lopez |first=Mellie Leandicho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C |title=A Handbook of Philippine Folklore |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-514-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C&pg=PA147 147] |language=en}}</ref> Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the [[Maranao language|Maranao-language]] ''[[Darangen]]'' is an example.<ref>{{cite book |last=Madale |first=Abdullah T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC |title=The Maranaws, Dwellers of the Lake |date=1997 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-2174-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC&pg=PA67 67] |language=en}}</ref>