Editing Peru (section)

== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Peru}}
[[File:Chancay - Textile Doll - Walters 83768.jpg|thumb|upright|11th-century textile doll, [[Chancay culture]], [[Walters Art Museum]]. Dolls are frequently found in the tombs of ancient Peru.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/|title=Textile Doll|website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site|access-date=3 August 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Iberian and Andean traditions,<ref name="Belaunde" /> though it has also been influenced by various European, Asian, and African ethnic groups. [[Peruvian arts|Peruvian artistic traditions]] date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of [[Pre-Inca cultures]]. The Incas maintained these crafts and made [[Architecture of Peru|architectural]] achievements including the construction of [[Machu Picchu]]. [[Baroque]] dominated colonial art, though modified by Native traditions.<ref>Bailey, pp. 72–74.</ref>

During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the [[Cusco School]] are representative.<ref>Bailey, p. 263.</ref> Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of ''[[Indigenismo]]'' in the early 20th century.<ref name="Lucie" /> Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been [[Eclecticism in art|eclectic]] and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.

===Visual arts===
{{Main|Peruvian art}}
Peruvian art has its origin in the [[Peruvian Ancient Cultures|Andean civilizations]]. These civilizations arose in the territory of modern Peru before the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|arrival of the Spanish]]. Peruvian art incorporated European elements after the Spanish conquest and continued to evolve throughout the centuries up to the modern day.
==== Pre-Columbian art ====
Peru's earliest artwork came from the [[Cupisnique]] culture, which was concentrated on the Pacific coast, and the Chavín culture, which was largely north of [[Lima]] between the Andean mountain ranges of the [[Cordillera Negra]] and the [[Cordillera Blanca]]. Decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver, and [[Ceramics (art)|ceramics]] to create a variety of sculptures and relief carvings. These civilizations were also known for their architecture and wood sculptures.

The [[Paracas culture|Paracas]] Cavernas and Paracas [[Necropolis]] cultures developed on the south coast of Peru between the 9th century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns. The 3rd century BCE saw the flowering of the urban culture, [[Moche (culture)|Moche]], in the [[Lambayeque (Department of Peru)|Lambayeque]] region. The Moche culture produced architectural works, such as the [[Huaca del Sol|Huacas del Sol y de la Luna]] and the [[Huaca Rajada]] of [[Sipán]]. They were experts at [[Terrace (agriculture)|cultivation in terraces]] and [[hydraulic engineering]] and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works. Another urban culture, the [[Huari Culture|Wari civilization]], flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries in [[Ayacucho (Department of Peru)|Ayacucho]]. Their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as [[Pachacamac]], [[Cajamarquilla]] and [[Wari Willka]]. Between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, the military urban [[Tiwanaku]] empire rose by the borders of [[Lake Titicaca]]. Centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, the Tiwanaku introduced stone architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanaku's developing [[bronze]], which enabled them to make the necessary tools.

Urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the [[Chimú Culture]]. The Chimú built the city of [[Chan Chan]] in the valley of the [[Moche River]], in [[La Libertad (Department of Peru)|La Libertad]]. The Chimú were skilled [[goldsmith]]s and created remarkable works of [[hydraulic engineering]]. The [[Inca Empire|Inca Civilization]], which united Peru under its hegemony in the centuries immediately preceding the Spanish conquest, incorporated into their own works a great part of the cultural legacy of the civilizations which preceded it. Important relics of their artwork and architecture can be seen in cities like [[Cusco (Department of Peru)|Cusco]], architectural remains like [[Sacsayhuamán]] and [[Machu Picchu]] and stone pavements that united Cusco with the rest of the Inca Empire.

==== Colonial art ====
{{Main|Peruvian colonial architecture|Cusco School}}
[[File:Saint Joseph and the Christ Child - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|''Saint Joseph and the Christ Child'', Anonymous, [[Cusco School|Colonial Cusco Painting School]], 17th–18th century]]
Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the [[Studio|ateliers]] founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevillian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the [[Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima|Cathedral]] choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by [[Pedro de Noguera]], and a great part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the [[Cuzco School]] that taught [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] artists European painting styles. [[Diego Quispe Tito]] (1611–1681) was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and [[Marcos Zapata]] (1710–1773) was one of the last.<ref name="Bayon" />

Painting of this time reflected a synthesis of European and Indigenous influences, as is evident in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, by D. de Mora or in the canvases of the Italians [[Mateo Pérez de Alesio]] and Angelino Medoro, the Spaniards Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creole J. Rodriguez.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[Baroque]] and [[Rococo]] styles, with their heavy ornamentation and predominantly curved lines, also dominated the fields of architecture and [[plastic arts]], as for example on the walls of the [[Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima|Monastery of San Francisco]] in Lima.

=== Literature ===
{{main|Peruvian literature}}
Peruvian literature refers not only to literature produced in the modern Republic of Peru, but also literature produced in the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] during the colonial period, and to [[Oral tradition|oral]] traditions created by diverse ethnic groups living in what is now Peru during the [[Prehispanic#South America|pre-Columbian period]], such as the [[Quechua people|Quechua]], the [[Aymara people|Aymara]] and the [[Chanka]] people.
[[File:Cesar vallejo 1929 RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Cesar Vallejo]], Peru's most famous poet]]

Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included [[chronicle]]s and [[Christian literature|religious literature]]. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish [[Conquistador|conquistadores]], whose mission was to "civilize" and "reveal the true faith" to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were [[Francisco Xerez]], personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as [[Titu Cusi Yupanqui]] who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió ''(The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570.

After independence, [[Costumbrism]] and [[Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[Ricardo Palma]].<ref>Martin, "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870", pp. 37–39.</ref> The early 20th century's ''Indigenismo'' movement was led by such writers as [[Ciro Alegría]]<ref>Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 151–152.</ref> and [[José María Arguedas]].<ref>Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 178–179.</ref> The [[avant-garde]] movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist [[José Carlos Mariátegui]]. The influential poet [[César Vallejo]], who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as [[List of Nobel laureates in Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], a leading member of the [[Latin American Boom]].<ref>Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 186–188.</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Peruvian cuisine}}
[[File:Ceviche mixto callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''[[Ceviche]]'' is a popular lime-marinated seafood dish which originated in Peru.]]

Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[Chili pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news|title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine|website=MICHELIN Guide|access-date=4 February 2019|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news|url-status=live}}</ref>
Modern [[Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[Native American cuisine#Native American cuisine of South America|Amerindian]] and [[Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.<ref>Custer, pp. 17–22.</ref> Common dishes include ''[[anticuchos]]'', ''[[ceviche]]'', and ''[[pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.<ref>Custer, pp. 25–38.</ref> Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[The World's 50 Best Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[Quechua people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[Maize|corn]], [[potatoes]] and other [[tuber]]s, [[Amaranthaceae]]s ([[quinoa]], [[kañiwa]] and [[kiwicha]]) and [[legume]]s ([[beans]] and [[lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[quinoa]], [[kiwicha]], [[chili pepper]]s, and several roots and [[tuber]]s have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== Music ===
{{main|Peruvian music}}
[[File:Marinera Norteña.jpg|thumb|[[Marinera]] Norteña]]

Peruvian music has [[Andean music|Andean]], [[Music of Spain|Spanish]], and [[African Music|African]] roots.<ref>Romero, Raúl (1999). "Andean Peru". In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&nbsp;385–386.</ref> In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[quena]]'' and the ''[[tinya]]'' were two common instruments.<ref name="Olsen" /> Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[charango]]''.<ref name="Turino" /> African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[Peruvian folk dances]] include [[marinera]], [[tondero]], [[zamacueca]], [[diablada]] and [[huayno]].<ref>Romero, Raúl (1985). "La música tradicional y popular". In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.</ref>

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[Musical instrument|instrument]], the [[charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[Viceroyalty of Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[walaycho]], [[chillador]], [[chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[Pan flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

=== Cinema ===
[[File:Claudia Llosa (113).jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Award-winner filmmaker [[Claudia Llosa]]]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies produced enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[Amazon rubber cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different fom the films produced in the capital, [[Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who shared elements of [[Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[magic realism]], won an award at the [[Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[The Milk of Sorrow]]'' ("La Teta Asustada"), was nominated for the [[82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the Golden Bear award at the 2009 Berlinale.

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Peru}}
[[File:Vista aérea del estadio nacional del Perú (2021).jpg|thumb|[[Estadio Nacional del Perú]] in 2021]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[Estadio Monumental "U"]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[Estadio Nacional del Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[2004 Copa América]], [[2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[2013 Bolivarian Games|2013]] and [[2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[Peru national football team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[1939 South American Championship|1939]]  and [[1975 Copa América|1975]], and impressed at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[volleyball]], [[surfing]] and [[karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[Pan American Games]]. The [[Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.