Editing Myanmar (section)

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{main|Ethnicity in Myanmar}}
{{bar box
|title=Ethnic composition in Burma/Myanmar<br />(rough estimate)
|titlebar=
|width=
|left1=Ethnic group
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Bamar]]|orange|68}}
{{bar percent|[[Shan people|Shan]]|blue|10}}
{{bar percent|[[Karen people|Karen]]|green|7}}
{{bar percent|[[Rakhine people|Rakhine]]|yellow|3.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Burmese Chinese|Han-Chinese]]|purple|3}}
{{bar percent|[[Mon people|Mon]]|red|2}}
{{bar percent|[[Burmese Indians|Indians]]|violet|2}}
{{bar percent|[[Jingpo people|Kachin]]|black|1.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Chin people|Chin]]|brown|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Karenni people|Kayah]]|lime|0.8}}
{{bar percent|Other groups|cyan|5}}
}}

[[File:Ethnolinguistic map of Burma 1972 en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Ethnolinguistic groups of Burma/Myanmar|alt=]]

Myanmar is [[ethnically diverse]]. The government recognises [[List of ethnic groups in Myanmar|135 distinct ethnic groups]]. There are at least 108 different ethnolinguistic groups in Myanmar, consisting mainly of distinct [[Tibeto-Burman]] peoples, but with sizeable populations of [[Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples|Tai–Kadai]], [[Hmong–Mien]], and Austroasiatic (Mon–Khmer) peoples.<ref name="languages-of-myanmar">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MM |title=Languages of Myanmar |access-date=13 January 2007 |last=Gordon |first=Raymond G. Jr. |year=2005 |work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition |publisher=SIL International |archive-date=7 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207085517/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MM |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Ethnic identity in modern-day Myanmar has been significantly shaped by British colonial rule, Christian missionaries, and [[Decolonization|decolonisation]] in the post-independence era. To this day, the [[Burmese language]] does not have precise terminology that distinguishes the European concepts of [[Ethnicity|race]] [[Ethnicity|and ethnicity]]; the term ''lu-myo'' ({{lang|my|လူမျိုး}}, {{lit|type of person}}) can reference race, ethnicity, and religion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-28 |title=Identity Crisis: Ethnicity and Conflict in Myanmar |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/312-identity-crisis-ethnicity-and-conflict-myanmar |website=International Crisis Group}}</ref> For instance, many [[Bamar people|Bamar]] self-identify as members of the 'Buddhist ''lu-myo''' or the '[[Burmese people|Myanmar ''lu-myo'']],' which has posed a significant challenge for census-takers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Callahan |first=Mary P. |date=2017 |title=Distorted, Dangerous Data? Lumyo in the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/665626 |journal=Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=452–478 |issn=1793-2858}}</ref>

The [[Bamar]] form an estimated 68% of the population.<ref name="statedept">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35910.htm |title=Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs |access-date=17 April 2010 |date=August 2005 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194342/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35910.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{irrelevant citation|date=July 2024|reason=the source doesn't mention ethnic composition in Myanmar}} 10% of the population are [[Shan people|Shan]].<ref name="statedept" /> The Kayin make up 7% of the population.<ref name="statedept" /> The [[Rakhine people]] constitute 4% of the population. [[Burmese Chinese|Overseas Chinese]] form approximately 3% of the population.<ref name="statedept" /><ref>{{cite book | author=Than, Mya | editor=Suryadinata, Leo | year=1997 | title=Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians}}</ref> Myanmar's ethnic [[Minority group|minority]] groups prefer the term "ethnic nationality" over "ethnic minority" as the term "minority" furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as "Burmanisation"—the proliferation and domination of the dominant [[Bamar people|Bamar culture]] over minority cultures.

[[Mon people|Mon]], who form 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the [[Khmer people|Khmer]].<ref name="statedept" /> [[Burmese Indians|Overseas Indians]] are 2%.<ref name="statedept" /> The remainder are [[Kachin people|Kachin]], [[Chin people|Chin]], [[Rohingya]], [[Anglo-Indian]]s, [[Burmese Gurkha|Gurkha]], [[People of Nepal|Nepali]] and other ethnic minorities. Included in this group are the [[Anglo-Burmese]]. Once forming a large and influential community, the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards, principally to Australia and the United Kingdom. It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar. {{As of|2009}}, 110,000 Burmese [[refugee]]s were living in refugee camps in Thailand.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kato |first=Mariko |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/02/18/national/myanmar-refugees-to-try-resettling/ |title=Myanmar refugees to try resettling |work=Japan Times |date=18 February 2009 |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052623/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/02/18/national/myanmar-refugees-to-try-resettling/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Refugee camps exist along Indian, Bangladeshi and Thai borders while several thousand are in [[Malaysia]]. Conservative estimates state that there are over 295,800 minority refugees from Myanmar, with the majority being [[Rohingya]], [[Karen people|Karen]], and [[Karenni people|Karenni]] are principally located along the Thai-Myanmar border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/publ/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PUBL&id=449676844 |title=Myanmar Refugees in South East Asia |access-date=13 July 2006 |date=April 2006 |format=PDF |publisher=UNHCR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621015621/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/publ/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PUBL&id=449676844 |archive-date=21 June 2006 }}</ref> There are nine permanent refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border, most of which were established in the mid-1980s. The refugee camps are under the care of the Thai-Burma Border Consortium (TBBC). Since 2006,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/from-tropical-burma-to-syracuse-refugees-adjust/ |title=From tropical Burma to Syracuse, refugees adjust |work=CBS News |date=25 April 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |archive-date=5 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705231358/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-57420502/from-tropical-burma-to-syracuse-refugees-adjust |url-status=live }}</ref> over 55,000 Burmese [[refugee]]s have been resettled in the United States.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120914041135/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/data/ Office Of Refugee Resettlement: Data]". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.</ref>

The persecution of [[Burmese Indians]], [[Burmese Chinese]] and other ethnic groups after the military coup headed by General [[Ne Win]] in 1962 led to the expulsion or emigration of 300,000 people.<ref>{{cite book|author=Smith, Martin |year=1991|title=Burma&nbsp;– Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity|publisher=Zed Books|location=London, New Jersey|pages=43–44, 98, 56–57, 176}}</ref> They migrated to escape [[Racial Discrimination against Burmese Indians|racial discrimination]] and the wholesale nationalisation of private enterprise that took place in 1964.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875949,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208073731/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875949,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2008 |title=Asians v. Asians.|magazine=Time |date=17 July 1964 |access-date=20 November 2012}}{{subscription required}}</ref> The Anglo-Burmese at this time either fled the country or changed their names and blended in with the broader Burmese society.

Many [[Rohingya]] Muslims have fled Myanmar. Many refugees headed to neighbouring Bangladesh, including 200,000 in 1978 as a result of the [[King Dragon operation in Arakan]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Macan-Markar |first=Marwaan |title=Burma's Muslim Rohingyas&nbsp;– The New Boat People. |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=45850 |publisher=Ipsnews.net |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311004334/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=45850 |archive-date=11 March 2009}}</ref> 250,000 more left in 1991.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ford |first=Peter |title=Why deadly race riots could rattle Myanmar's fledgling reforms |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/0612/Why-deadly-race-riots-could-rattle-Myanmar-s-fledgling-reforms |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-date=5 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105222644/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/0612/Why-deadly-race-riots-could-rattle-Myanmar-s-fledgling-reforms |url-status=live }}</ref> Since August 2017, an estimated 23,000-43,700 Rohingya have been killed<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Mohshin |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-748001039 |title=Forced migration of Rohingya : the untold experience |last2=Ahmad |first2=Salahuddin |last3=Jubb |first3=Christine |last4=Pallard |first4=Henri |last5=Rahman |first5=Masudur |last6=Ontario International Development Agency (issuing body) |publisher=Ontario International Development Agency, Canada |year=2018 |isbn=9780986681516 |page=69 |access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barron |first=Laignee |date=8 March 2018 |title=More Than 43,000 Rohingya Parents May Be Missing. Experts Fear They Are Dead |url=https://time.com/5187292/rohingya-crisis-missing-parents-refugees-bangladesh/ |access-date=30 October 2024 |work=[[TIME Magazine]]}}</ref> in the ongoing [[Rohingya genocide]], and another 730,000 have fled to Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=Myanmar: No Justice, No Freedom for Rohingya 5 Years On |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/08/24/myanmar-no-justice-no-freedom-rohingya-5-years |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>