Editing Michael Heseltine (section)

====Riots====
Heseltine became the troubleshooter to deal with the explosion of violence in Britain's [[inner cities]] in the aftermath of the [[1981 Brixton riot|Brixton]] and [[Toxteth riots]] of 1981. Unemployment had reached 20% in Liverpool as a whole, but 60% among young black residents in Toxteth. [[Tear gas]] had had to be used, and the Cabinet contemplated deploying the Army. A few weeks before the riots, a Cabinet thinktank had proposed that the area be left to go into "managed decline". Thatcher visited Merseyside and it was decided that a minister should go for a longer visit. Heseltine was already chairman of the Merseyside Partnership, set up by his predecessor Peter Shore, to channel government money into Liverpool (six other partnerships existed).<ref>Crick 1997, pp. 221–2.</ref>

Heseltine visited Liverpool accompanied by a dozen or so officials from different ministries. [[Timothy Raison]], a junior Home Office minister, went ostensibly to check on race matters but actually to ensure that Heseltine did not interfere in police matters. Heseltine visited council estates, often accompanied by gangs of grinning children trying to be noticed on television, and his flamboyance as a [[self-made man]] went down surprisingly well in a City famous for turning out flamboyant figures in the entertainment industry. He talked to black community leaders, who complained about [[Merseyside Police|police]] bias and brutality, and he later had an awkward private meeting with the [[Chief constable]] [[Kenneth Oxford]] about the matter. He arranged for the bosses of the leading banks and building societies to tour the area in a coach (they were reluctant until Heseltine's PPS [[Tim Sainsbury]] persuaded [[Robin Leigh-Pemberton]] of NatWest to come), and asked them to each second a bright young manager to the DOE for a year.<ref>Crick 1997, pp. 222–6.</ref>

Heseltine circulated a 21-page minute to Cabinet on his return, entitled ''It Took a Riot''. He proposed a regional office and a review of the status of the Metropolitan Counties, as well as greater government emphasis on Merseyside in future. He had prepared the ground with a small dinner for Whitehall mandarins including [[Robert Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster|Robert Armstrong]] ([[Cabinet Secretary (United Kingdom)|Cabinet Secretary]]) and [[Ian Bancroft]] (Head of the Civil Service). However, Thatcher was not impressed, although she agreed to his appointment as Minister for Merseyside for twelve months. Neither was Keith Joseph (Secretary of State for Industry) nor Howe (Chancellor of the Exchequer), who favoured enterprise zones where businesses would be given favourable tax treatment.<ref>Crick 1997, pp. 226–8.</ref>

Shortly after his appointment as Minister for Merseyside, Heseltine gave his annual party conference speech, in which he condemned talk of repatriation and called for more public spending on inner cities. Although he felt he had taken a risk – the speech was in marked contrast to [[Norman Tebbit]]'s "On Your Bike" speech a few hours later – he received his usual standing ovation and later recorded that it was the one of his speeches of which he was most proud.<ref>Crick 1997, pp. 228–9.</ref>

In autumn 1981 he visited Liverpool again, this time with a thirty-strong task force of representatives of local employers and civil servants (unusually for the time, drawn from different departments – DOE, DTI and Employment, but not the Home Office this time – Heseltine had been pushing for greater cooperation between departments since the setting up of the European Space Agency in 1973). For the next fifteen months he visited Liverpool for a day almost every week, refusing police protection and often driving himself, persuading business and local government to work together. [[Colette Bowe]], a DTI official who was deputy director of the task force, recorded that Heseltine was the most effective minister she had ever seen at getting the official machine to do his bidding through a mixture of charm and tough questions.<ref>Crick 1997, pp. 230–1.</ref>