Editing Lahore (section)

== Cityscape ==
=== Old City ===
[[File:Beauty of Pakistan (lahore).jpg|thumb|left|Cityscape of Lahore]]
Lahore's modern cityscape consists of the historic [[Walled City of Lahore]] in the northern part of the city, which contains several [[World Heritage Site]]s and national heritage sites. Lahore's urban planning was not based on geometric design but was instead built piecemeal, with small cul-de-sacs, as ''katrahs'' and ''galis'' developed in the context of neighbouring buildings.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particular religious or ethnic communities, the neighbourhoods themselves typically were diverse and were not dominated by the namesake group.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

[[File:Wazir Khan Mosque - Aerial View.jpg|thumb|right|The area around the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] exemplifies the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]]'s urban form]]
Lahore's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such as [[Peshawar]], [[Multan]] and [[Delhi]] – all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city and royal citadel.

By the end of the Sikh rule, most of Lahore's massive [[haveli]] compounds had been occupied by settlers. New neighbourhoods occasionally grew up entirely within the confines of an old Mughal haveli, such as the Mohallah Pathan Wali, which grew within the ruins of a haveli of the same name, built by Mian Khan.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} By 1831, all Mughal Havelis in the Walled City had been encroached upon by the surrounding neighbourhood,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} leading to the modern-day absence of any Mughal Havelis in Lahore.

A total of thirteen gates once surrounded the historic walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate, and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-era [[Lahore Cantonment]].

=== Architecture ===
{{Further|Architecture of Lahore}}
[[File:Grand Jamia Masjid Bahria Town Lahore Pakistan cropped.jpg|thumb|Built in 2012, [[Grand Jamia Mosque, Lahore|Grand Jamia Mosque]] in southern Lahore is a blend of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and modern architecture.]]

Lahore is home to numerous monuments from the [[Mughal Dynasty]], [[Sikh Empire]], and the [[British Raj|British Indian Raj]]. The architectural style of the [[Walled City of Lahore]] has traditionally been influenced by Mughal and Sikh styles.<ref>"[[Architecture of Lahore]]." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Web. 19 August 2016.</ref>

====Sikh period====
By the arrival of the Sikh Empire at the end of the 18th century, Lahore had decayed from its former glory as the Mughal capital. Rebuilding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were influenced by Mughal practices, and Lahore was known as the 'City of Gardens' during the Ranjit Singh period.<ref>[http://nation.com.pk/columns/23-Sep-2010/Some-vanished-gardens-of-Lahore, The Nation newspaper, Published 23 September 2010, Retrieved 27 February 2017]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lahore.city-history.com/places/hazori-bagh/ |title=Hazori Bagh |website=lahore.city-history.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421163950/http://lahore.city-history.com/places/hazori-bagh/ |archive-date=21 April 2019|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Later, British maps of the area surrounding Lahore dating from the mid-19th century show many walled private gardens which were confiscated from the Muslim noble families bearing the names of prominent Sikh nobles – a pattern of patronage which was inherited from the Mughals.

While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's army's plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Monuments plundered of their marble include the [[Tomb of Asif Khan]] and the [[Tomb of Nur Jahan]]; the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] was plundered of much of its marble, and its costly [[agate]] gate was stripped.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India"/> The Sikh state also demolished a number of shrines and monuments laying outside the city's walls.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=87}}

Still, Sikh rule left Lahore with several monuments, and a heavily altered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's previous grandeur,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} and the city was left with a large number of religious monuments from this period. Several havelis were built during this era, though only a few still remain.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

====British period====
[[File:Front elevation, Aitchison College.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A syncretic architectural style that blends Islamic, Hindu, and Western motifs took root during the colonial era, as shown at [[Aitchison College]].]]
[[File:Tollington market, Mall Road, Lahore, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Much of old Lahore features colonial-era buildings, such as the Tollinton Market.]]
As the capital of British Punjab, the city derived much of its architecture from British colonialists. Structures were built predominantly in the [[Indo-Gothic]] style – a syncretic architectural style that blends elements of [[Victorian architecture| Victorian]] and [[Islamic architecture]] or in the distinct [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture| Indo-Saracenic style]]. The British also built [[Neoclassical architecture| neoclassical]] Montgomery Hall, which today serves as the [[Quaid-e-Azam Library]].<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed| date=August 2024}}}}. "Montgomery Hall faced inward, toward the main avenue of what would become a and reading room, a teak dance and a "rinking" floor (skating rink), and room for the Gymkhana Club. Lawrence Hall was devoted to the white community in Lahore; the spaces and program of Montgomery Hall allowed for racial interaction between British civilians and officials and the elites of Lahori society."</ref>

[[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Lawrence Gardens]] were also laid near Civil Station, and were paid for by donations solicited from both Lahore's European community, as well as from wealthy locals. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London's [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew]].<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "Like Lawrence and Montgomery Halls, moreover, the garden's major elements were all financed through a combination of provincial, municipal, and private funds from both British carefully isolated space of controlled cultural interaction underwritten by elite collaboration. Both the botanical garden and the zoo in Lawrence Gardens drafted a controlled display of exotic nature to the garden's overall didactic program. The botanical garden exhibited over six hundred species of plants, trees, and shrubs, all carefully tended by a horticulturist sent out from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew."</ref>

The leafy suburbs to the south of the Old City, as well as the Cantonment southwest of the Old City, were largely developed under British colonial rule, and feature colonial-era buildings built alongside leafy avenues.

The British authorities built several important structures around the time of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] in 1887 in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, such as the [[Lahore Museum]] and [[National College of Arts|Mayo School of Industrial Arts]].<ref name="Making Lahore Modern 1894" /> Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigious [[Aitchison College]], the Punjab Chief Court (today the [[Lahore High Court]]), [[Lahore Museum]], and the [[University of the Punjab]].

Many of Lahore's most important buildings were designed by civil engineer and architect [[Ganga Ram|Sir Ganga Ram]], who is considered "the father of modern Lahore".<ref name="Ahmed2001">{{cite book |author=Khaled Ahmed |title=Pakistan: behind the ideological mask : facts about great men we don't want to know |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjRuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=[[Vanguard Press|Vanguard]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-969-402-353-3}}</ref><ref name="HaroonKhalid">{{cite web |author=Haroon Khalid |date=25 April 2018 |title=Lahore owes Hindu philanthropist Ganga Ram more than it would care to admit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1403799 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522083126/https://www.dawn.com/news/1403799 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=Dawn}}</ref><ref name="TheMilliGazette">{{cite web |author=Special Reports |date=4 September 2015 |title='Father of Modern Lahore' remembered |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/12-special-reports/12813-father-of-modern-lahore-remembered/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227085526/https://www.milligazette.com/news/12-special-reports/12813-father-of-modern-lahore-remembered/ |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TheSiasatDaily">{{cite web |last=Siraj |first=M.A. |date=21 May 2021 |title=Pakistan reopens Samadhi of Ganga Ram, iconic engineer, philanthropist who rebuilt Lahore |url=https://www.siasat.com/pakistan-reopens-samadhi-of-ganga-ram-iconic-engineer-philanthropist-who-rebuilt-lahore-2139815/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915081729/https://www.siasat.com/pakistan-reopens-samadhi-of-ganga-ram-iconic-engineer-philanthropist-who-rebuilt-lahore-2139815/ |archive-date=15 September 2021 |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="blogspot.com">{{cite web |last=Luqman |first=Tariq |date=15 November 2018 |title=Sir Ganga Ram: The Father of Modern Lahore, our Khadim-Ala Punjab |url=https://tariqluqmanview.blogspot.com/2018/11/sir-ganga-ram-father-of-modern-lahore.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227091728/https://tariqluqmanview.blogspot.com/2018/11/sir-ganga-ram-father-of-modern-lahore.html |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=[[Blogger (service)|blogspot.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ThePrint">{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=27 January 2021 |title=Sir Ganga Ram's descendant Kesha Ram celebrates US senate seat in salwar kameez to show the way |url=https://theprint.in/world/sir-ganga-rams-descendant-kesha-ram-celebrates-us-senate-seat-in-salwar-kameez-to-show-the-way/593080/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227093358/https://theprint.in/world/sir-ganga-rams-descendant-kesha-ram-celebrates-us-senate-seat-in-salwar-kameez-to-show-the-way/593080/ |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=[[ThePrint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{cite web |author=[[Mazhar Abbas]] |date=18 July 2021 |title=A hard call—II |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/865550-a-hard-callii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226063657/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/865550-a-hard-callii |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="USCGLahoreTweet">{{cite tweet |number=1354046370303385601|user=USCGLahore |title=#DYK "the father of modern #Lahore", Sir Ganga Ram's great granddaughter Kesha Ram has become the State Senator of #Vermont #USA? She was sworn in on January 6 and wore shalwar kameez during the swearing-in ceremony. Good luck for your endeavors, Kesha! 📸 @KeshaRam/ Wikipedia|author=U.S. Consulate General Lahore |date=26 January 2021|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117142431/https://twitter.com/USCGLahore/status/1354046370303385601|archive-date=17 January 2022|url-status=live|lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gill |first=Anjum |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-7-2004_pg7_24 |title=Father of modern Lahore remembered on anniversary |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=12 July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222357/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-7-2004_pg7_24 |archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Parks and gardens ===
{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Lahore}}

[[File:Bagh-e-Jinnah Lahore Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Lahore's [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Bagh-e-Jinnah]] was laid in 1862 as the [[Bagh-e-Jinnah (Lahore)|Lawrence Garden]].]]
Lahore is also known as "the city of gardens" due to its large number of gardens. The [[Shahdara Bagh]] was one of the earliest [[Mughal garden]]s, laid out in 15th century, and contains the [[Tomb of Jahangir]]. The [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] were laid out during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] and were designed to mimic the [[Islamic]] paradise of the afterlife described in the [[Qur'an]]. The gardens follow the familiar [[charbagh]] layout of four squares, with three descending terraces. In 1818, [[Hazuri Bagh]] was built during reign of Ranjit Singh to celebrate his capture of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani.

The [[Bagh-e-Jinnah (Lahore)|Lawrence Garden]] was established in 1862 and was originally named after [[Sir John Lawrence]], late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The Circular Garden, which surrounds the Walled City on three sides, was established by 1892.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The former parade ground adjacent to Badshahi Mosque was also renamed during the British era as [[Greater Iqbal Park|Minto Park]], which after restoration was re-established as Iqbal Park.

The many other gardens and parks in the city include [[Hazuri Bagh]], [[Iqbal Park]], Mochi Bagh, [[Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park]], [[Model Town Park]], [[Jilani Park]], Nasir Bagh Lahore, [[Jallo Park]], [[Lahore Zoo Safari|Lahore Zoo Safari Park]], and [[Changa Manga]], a human-made forest near Lahore in the [[Kasur]] district. Another example is the [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Bagh-e-Jinnah]], a {{convert|141|acre|ha|adj=on}} botanical garden that houses entertainment and sports facilities as well as a library.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lawrence Gardens (Bagh-e-Jinnah) |url=http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/lawrencegardens.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006025455/http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/lawrencegardens.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |website=Gardenvisit.com |access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lahore.city-history.com/places/bagh-e-jinnah-lawrence-gardens/|title=Bagh-E-Jinnah / Lawrence Gardens|date=12 February 2015|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183128/http://lahore.city-history.com/places/bagh-e-jinnah-lawrence-gardens/|url-status=dead}}</ref>