Editing Jellyfish (section)

=== Stings ===
Jellyfish are armed with nematocysts, a type of specialized stinging cell.<ref name="McGee-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=McGee |first1=Richard G. |last2=Webster |first2=Angela C. |author-link2=Angela Webster |last3=Lewis |first3=Sharon R. |last4=Welsford |first4=Michelle |date=2023-06-05 |title=Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings |url= |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=6 |pages=CD009688 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009688.pub3 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=10240560 |pmid=37272501 }}</ref> Contact with a jellyfish tentacle can trigger millions of nematocysts to pierce the skin and inject [[venom]],<ref>Purves, W.K.; Sadava, D.; Orians, G.H.; Heller, H.C. 1998. Life. The Science of Biology. Part 4: The Evolution of Diversity. Chapter 31</ref> but only some species' venom causes an adverse reaction in humans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jellyfishart.com/kb_results.asp?ID=11 |title=Jellyfish Tanks and live pet Jellyfish for sale at Jellyfish Art – Buy Jellyfish and Jellyfish tanks |website=jellyfishart.com |access-date=3 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302090841/http://www.jellyfishart.com/kb_results.asp?ID=11 |archive-date=2 March 2012 }}</ref> In a study published in [[Communications Biology]], researchers found a jellyfish species called ''[[Cassiopea xamachana]]'' which when triggered will release tiny balls of cells that swim around the jellyfish stinging everything in their path. Researchers described these as "self-propelling microscopic grenades" and named them cassiosomes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Giaimo|first=Cara|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/13/science/jellyfish-stingers-floating.html|title=You Didn't Touch These Jellyfish, but They Can Sting You With Tiny Grenades|date=2020-02-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-02-27|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The effects of stings range from mild discomfort to extreme pain and death.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mahon|first1=Andrew|last2=Mallinson|first2=Tom E|title=Lion's mane jellyfish sting|journal=International Paramedic Practice|volume=10|issue=2|year=2020|pages=46–48|issn=2052-4889|doi=10.12968/ippr.2020.10.2.46|s2cid=225837493}}</ref><ref name="smith" /> Most jellyfish stings are not deadly, but stings of some box jellyfish ([[Irukandji jellyfish]]), such as the [[sea wasp]], can be deadly. Stings may cause [[anaphylaxis]] (a form of shock), which can be fatal. Jellyfish kill 20 to 40 people a year in the Philippines alone. In 2006 the Spanish Red Cross treated 19,000 stung swimmers along the [[Costa Brava]].<ref name="smith" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourbeautifulplanet.org/nature/box-jellyfish-deadly/ |author=Adams, Julie |title=Box Jellyfish: Why are they so deadly? |date=13 August 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910014412/http://www.ourbeautifulplanet.org/nature/box-jellyfish-deadly/ |publisher=Our Beautiful Planet |archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>

Vinegar (3–10% aqueous [[acetic acid]]) may help with [[box jellyfish]] stings<ref name="MJA1993-fenner">{{Cite journal |author1=Fenner, P. |author2=Williamson, J. |author3=Burnett, J. |author4=Rifkin, J. | title=First aid treatment of jellyfish stings in Australia. Response to a newly differentiated species | journal=Medical Journal of Australia | volume=158 | issue=7 | pages=498–501 | year=1993 | pmid=8469205|doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb137588.x |s2cid=42453046 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Currie, B. |author2=Ho, S. |author3=Alderslade, P. | title=Box-jellyfish, Coca-Cola and old wine | journal=Medical Journal of Australia | volume=158 | issue=12 | page=868 | year=1993 | pmid=8100984|doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb137688.x |s2cid=19857333 }}</ref> but not the stings of the [[Portuguese man o' war]].<ref name="MJA1993-fenner" /> Clearing the area of jelly and tentacles reduces nematocyst firing.<ref name="MJA1980-hartwick">{{Cite journal |author1=Hartwick, R. |author2=Callanan, V. |author3=Williamson, J. | title=Disarming the box-jellyfish: nematocyst inhibition in ''Chironex fleckeri'' | journal=Medical Journal of Australia | volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=15–20 | year=1980 | pmid=6102347 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb134566.x |s2cid=204054168 }}</ref> Scraping the affected skin, such as with the edge of a credit card, may remove remaining nematocysts.<ref name="AFP2004-Perkins">{{Cite journal |author1=Perkins, R. |author2=Morgan, S. | title=Poisoning, envenomation, and trauma from marine creatures | journal=American Family Physician | volume=69 | issue=4 | pages=885–90 | year=2004 | pmid=14989575}}</ref> Once the skin has been cleaned of nematocysts, [[hydrocortisone]] cream applied locally reduces pain and inflammation.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Simmons | first1=Brian J. | last2=Griffith | first2=Robert D. | last3=Falto-Aizpurua | first3=Leyre A. | last4=Nouri | first4=Keyvan | title=Moon Jellyfish Stings | journal=JAMA Dermatology | volume=151 | issue=4 | pages=454–6 | year=2015 | doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.4644 | pmid=25517656 | doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Histamine antagonist|Antihistamines]] may help to control [[itch]]ing.<ref name="AFP2004-Perkins" /> Immunobased antivenins are used for serious box jellyfish stings.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baxter |first=E. H. |author2=Marr, A. G. M. |title=Sea wasp (''Chironex fleckeri'') antivenene: Neutralizing potency against the venom of three other jellyfish species|journal=Toxicon |date=May 1974 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=223–225 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(74)90062-2|pmid=4156430 |bibcode=1974Txcn...12..223B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jellyfish Stings: Treatment and Drugs |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/jellyfish-stings/DS01119/DSECTION=treatments%2Dand%2Ddrugs |website=Mayo Clinic |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research |access-date=15 April 2013 |date=1 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520073523/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/jellyfish-stings/DS01119/DSECTION=treatments%2Dand%2Ddrugs |archive-date=20 May 2013 }}</ref>

In Elba Island and Corsica [[dittrichia viscosa]] is now used by residents and tourists to heal stings from jellyfish, bees and wasps by pressing fresh leaves on the skin with quick results.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Irukandji-jellyfish-queensland-australia.jpg|[[Box jellyfish]] are small and venomous.
File:Jellyfish dermatitis case1 abdominal skin lateral.jpg|Jellyfish dermatitis
Jellyfish flag in Zarautz.jpg|A flag in the beach of [[Zarautz]] alerting about the presence of jellyfish in the water
File:Denizanası temas eden Bengisu Avcı, tekneye çıkmak zorunda kaldı.jpg|[[Bengisu Avcı]] in May 2024 after she came into contact with jellyfish while attempting to cross the Molokaʻi Channel in Hawaii
</gallery>