Editing Greece (section)

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|List of Greek inventions and discoveries}}
[[File:Gnpapanikolaou.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Georgios Papanikolaou]], a pioneer in [[cytopathology]] and early cancer detection]]
The General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development and Competitiveness is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy. In 2017, spending on research and development (R&D) reached an all-time high of €2&nbsp;billion, equal to 1.1% of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greeknewsagenda.gr/index.php/topics/business-r-d/6889-r-d-spending-2017|title=R&D spending in Greece reached a record high in 2017|website=www.greeknewsagenda.gr|date=26 November 2018|access-date=3 August 2019|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404065318/http://www.greeknewsagenda.gr/index.php/topics/business-r-d/6889-r-d-spending-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Greece was ranked 45th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.wipo.int |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref>

Greece has major technology parks with incubator facilities. The [[Hellenic National Space Committee]] began cooperating with the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) in 1994 and has been its member since 2005.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/Greece_becomes_16th_ESA_Member_State |title=Greece becomes 16th ESA Member State |date=22 March 2005 |publisher=ESA |access-date=15 May 2012 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118222458/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/Greece_becomes_16th_ESA_Member_State |url-status=live }}</ref> The country participates in the ESA's telecommunication and technology activities and the [[Global Monitoring for Environment and Security]] Initiative.<ref name=":2" /> The [[National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos"]] was founded in 1959 and is the largest multidisciplinary research centre in Greece. Its activities cover several fields of science and engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos (NCSR Demokritos) |url=https://eurocc-greece.gr/demokritos/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=EuroCC@Greece |language=en-US |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201201646/https://eurocc-greece.gr/demokritos/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Greece has one of the highest rates of tertiary enrollment in the world,<ref>{{cite web|title=School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) – Country Ranking|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/SE.TER.ENRR/rankings|website=indexmundi.com|publisher=Index Mundi|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502135545/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/SE.TER.ENRR/rankings|url-status=live}}</ref> while Greeks are well represented in academia worldwide; leading Western universities employ a disproportionately high number of Greek faculty.<ref>{{cite news |title= University reforms in Greece face student protests |newspaper=The Economist|date=6 July 2006 |access-date=19 December 2008|url= http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207061901/http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ|archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref> Greek scientific publications have grown significantly in terms of [[research impact]], surpassing both the EU and global average from 2012 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greek scientific publications increase their impact|url=https://greeknewsagenda.gr/index.php/topics/business-r-d/6869-scientific-publications-increase-impact|website=greeknewsagenda.gr|date=30 October 2018|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404065319/https://greeknewsagenda.gr/index.php/topics/business-r-d/6869-scientific-publications-increase-impact|url-status=live}}</ref>

Notable Greek scientists of modern times include [[Georgios Papanikolaou]] (inventor of the [[Pap test]]), mathematician [[Constantin Carathéodory]] (known for the [[Carathéodory theorem (disambiguation)|Carathéodory theorems]] and [[Carathéodory conjecture]]), astronomer [[E. M. Antoniadi]], archaeologists [[Ioannis Svoronos]], [[Valerios Stais]], [[Spyridon Marinatos]], [[Manolis Andronikos]] (discovered the tomb of [[Philip II of Macedon]] in [[Vergina]]), Indologist [[Dimitrios Galanos]], botanist [[Theodoros G. Orphanides]], and scientists such as [[Michael Dertouzos]], [[Nicholas Negroponte]], [[John Argyris]], [[John Iliopoulos]] (2007 [[Dirac Medal (ICTP)|Dirac Prize]] for his contributions on the physics of the [[charm quark]]), [[Joseph Sifakis]] (2007 [[Turing Award]], the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), [[Christos Papadimitriou]] (2002 [[Knuth Prize]], 2012 [[Gödel Prize]]), [[Mihalis Yannakakis]] (2005 [[Knuth Prize]]) and physicist [[Dimitri Nanopoulos]].