Editing Galicia (Spain) (section)

==Culture==
{{Main|Galician culture}}
{{No footnotes|section|date=November 2024}}

===Architecture and Art===
[[File:Cathedral of Ourense (Spain).jpg|thumb|right|Romanesque façade in the Cathedral of [[Ourense]] (1160); founded in the 6th century, its construction is attributed to King [[Chararic (Suebian king)|Chararic]].]]
Hundreds of ancient standing stone monuments like [[dolmen]]s, [[menhir]]s, and megalithic [[Tumulus|tumuli]] were erected during the prehistoric period in Galicia. Amongst the best-known are the dolmens of Dombate, Corveira, Axeitos of Pedra da Arca, and menhirs like the Lapa de Gargantáns. From the [[Iron Age]], Galicia has a rich heritage based mainly on a great number of [[hill fort]]s, few of them excavated like Baroña, Sta. Tegra, San Cibrao de Lás and Formigueiros among others. With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture, there was a development of basilicas, [[castra]], city walls, cities, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, and the Roman bridge of [[Ponte Vella]]. It was the Romans who founded some of the first cities in Galicia like [[Lugo]] and [[Ourense]]. Perhaps the best-known examples are the [[Roman Walls of Lugo]] and the [[Tower of Hercules]] in [[A Coruña]].
[[File:Vista aérea del castillo de Pambre 6.JPG|thumb|left|The castle of Pambre, [[Palas de Rei]], which resisted the ''Irmandiños'' troops]]
During the Middle Ages, many fortified castles were built by Galician feudal nobles to mark their powers against their rivals. Although most of them were demolished during the [[Irmandiño|Irmandiño Wars]] (1466–1469), some Galician castles that survived are Pambre, Castro Caldelas, [[Sobroso Castle|Sobroso]], [[Castle of Soutomaior|Soutomaior]] and Monterrei. The ecclesiastical architecture was raised early in Galicia, and the first churches and monasteries as San Pedro de Rocas began to be built in the 5th and 6th centuries. However, the most famous medieval architecture in Galicia had been using Romanesque architecture like most of Western Europe. Some of the greatest examples of Romanesque churches in Galicia are the [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]], the [[Ourense Cathedral]], [[Saint John of Caaveiro]], Our Lady Mary of [[Cambre]], and the [[Church of San Xoán, Portomarín|Church of San Xoán of Portomarín]] among others.
In the art of Galicia, the [[stone]] has a strong imprint, especially the [[granite]], which served as a support from the prehistoric [[petroglyphs]] figures to the development of medieval art in the Galician Romanesque sculptures from [[Portico of Glory]] by [[Master Mateo]], in [[Santiago de Compostela Cathedral]]. Medieval splendor was followed, as in literature, by a few centuries of darkness (the ''[[Séculos escuros]]'') until the arrival of the Compostela Baroque. In painting, the romanticism and impressionist-influenced landscapes of the 20th century were materialized by a generation of artists who died young, so they were called the "[[Xeración Doente]]" (Sick Generation). In the 20th century, the renovation came in the 20s by ''[[Os renovadores]]'', and by the ''[[Atlántica]]'' group after the dictatorship.

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Galician cuisine}}
[[File:Polbo e empanada, Galiza.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Polbo á feira]]]]
Galician cuisine often uses fish and shellfish. The ''[[empanada]]'' is a meat or fish pie, with a bread-like base, top, and crust with the meat or fish filling usually being in a tomato sauce including onions and garlic. ''[[Caldo galego]]'' is a hearty soup whose main ingredients are potatoes and a local vegetable named [[Rapini|grelo (broccoli rabe)]]. The latter is also employed in ''lacón con grelos'', a typical carnival dish, consisting of pork shoulder boiled with ''grelos'', potatoes, and [[chorizo]]. ''[[Maja squinado|Centolla]]'' is the equivalent of [[king crab]]. It is prepared by being boiled alive, having its main body opened like a shell, and then having its innards mixed vigorously. Another popular dish is [[octopus]], boiled (traditionally in a copper pot) and served on a wooden plate, cut into small pieces, and laced with olive oil, sea salt, and ''[[pimentón]]'' (Spanish paprika). This dish is called ''pulpo a la gallega'' or in Galician ''polbo á feira'', which roughly translates as 'fair-style octopus', most commonly translated as 'Galician-style octopus'. There are several regional varieties of cheese. The best-known one is the so-called ''[[tetilla cheese|tetilla]]'', named after its breast-like shape. Other highly regarded varieties include the San Simón cheese from [[Vilalba]] and the creamy cheese produced in the [[Arzúa]]-Ulloa area. A classical is ''filloas'', crêpe-like pancakes made with flour, broth or milk, and eggs. When cooked at a [[pig slaughter]] festival, they may also contain the animal's blood. A famous almond cake called ''[[Tarta de Santiago]]'' (St. James' cake) is a Galician sweet specialty mainly produced in Santiago de Compostela and all around Galicia.

[[File:Viños galegos Albariño.jpg|thumb|left|Galician wines]]
Galicia has 30 products with ''[[Denominación de origen|Denominación de orixe]]'' (D.O.), some of them with ''Denominación de Orixe Protexida'' (D.O.P.).<ref>[http://www.mapa.es/es/alimentacion/pags/Denominacion/resultado.asp Denominaciones de Origen y Indicaciones Geográficas] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422195432/http://www.mapa.es/es/alimentacion/pags/Denominacion/resultado.asp |date=22 April 2010 }}, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Select "Galicia" in the dropdown. Retrieved 22 February 2010.</ref> D.O. and D.O.P. are part of a system of regulation of quality and geographical origin among Spain's finest producers. Galicia produces a number of high-quality [[Galician wine]]s, including [[Albariño]], [[Ribeiro (DO)|Ribeiro]], [[Ribeira Sacra]], [[Monterrei]] and [[Valdeorras]]. The grape varieties used are local and rarely found outside Galicia and Northern Portugal. Just as notably from Galicia comes the spirit ''[[Augardente]]''—the name means burning water—often referred to as [[Orujo]] in Spain and internationally or as [[Orujo|caña]] in Galicia. This spirit is made from the distillation of the [[pomace]] of grapes.

===Music===
{{main|Galician traditional music}}

====Folk and traditionally based music====
[[File:Galician pipers.jpg|thumb|Galician pipers]]
[[File:FIL 2012 - Arrivée de la grande parade des nations celtes - Grupo de baile as beiras do Ulla.jpg|thumb|Galician representation at the [[Lorient Interceltic Festival]]]]
The traditional music of Galicia and [[Asturias]] features highly distinctive folk styles that have some similarities with the neighboring area of [[Cantabria]]. The music is characterized by the use of [[bagpipes]].

* [[Luar na Lubre]]: a band inspired by traditional Galician music. They have collaborated with [[Mike Oldfield]] and other musicians.
* [[Carlos Núñez Muñoz|Carlos Núñez]]: he has also collaborated with a great number of artists, being notable for his long-term friendship with [[The Chieftains]].
* [[Susana Seivane]]: virtuoso piper. She descends from a family of pipe makers and stated she preferred pipes instead of dolls during her childhood.
* [[Milladoiro]]
* [[Cristina Pato]]: bagpiper and member of Yo-Yo Ma's [[Silk Road Ensemble]].
* [[Tanxugueiras]]
* [[Berrogüetto]]
* [[Sangre de Muerdago]]: forest folk band led by Pablo C. Ursusson, member of the legendary Galician neo [[Crust punk|crust]] band [[Ekkaia]].

====Pop and rock====

* [[Andrés Suárez]]: singer-songwriter from [[Ferrol, Galicia|Ferrol]], known for his poetic, insightful and often romantic lyrics.
* [[Los Suaves]]: [[hard rock]]/[[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band active since the early 1980s, from [[Ourense]]
* Deluxe: pop/rock band from [[A Coruña]] led by [[Xoel López]]
* [[Siniestro Total]]: [[punk rock]]
* [[Os Resentidos]]: led by [[Antón Reixa]] in the 1980s
* [[Heredeiros da Crus]]: rock band singing in Galician language
* [[Iván Ferreiro]]
* [[Xoel Lopez]]
* [[Bala (band)|Bala]]
* [[Triángulo de Amor Bizarro]]
* Arrythmia
* [[Broa]]
* Chicharrón
*[[Superoito]]

====Hip-hop====

* [[Dios Ke Te Crew]]: a powerful band of hip-hop with socially compromised lyrics.
* [[Ezetaerre]]
* Malandrómeda
* Rebeliom do Inframundo

===Literature, poetry and philosophy===
{{Main|Galician Language#History}}
{{Listen|filename=Santa Maria.ogg|title="Santa Maria, strela do dia"|description=13th c. [[Cantigas de Santa Maria]] (#100) |format=[[Ogg]]}}
As with many other [[Romance languages]], [[Galician-Portuguese]] emerged as a literary language in the Middle Ages, during the 12th and 13th centuries, when a [[Galician-Portuguese lyric|rich lyric tradition developed]], followed by a minor prose tradition, whilst being the predominant language used for legal and private texts till the 15th century. However, in the face of the hegemony of Spanish, during the so-called ''Séculos Escuros'' ("Dark Centuries") from 1530 to the late 18th century, it fell from major literary or legal written use.

[[File:Rosalía Castro de Murguía por Luis Sellier.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rosalía de Castro]].]]
As a literary language it was revived again during the 18th and, most notably, the 19th-century (''[[Rexurdimento]]'' ''Resurgence'') with such writers as [[Rosalía de Castro]], [[Manuel Murguía]], [[Manuel Leiras Pulpeiro]], and [[Eduardo Pondal]]. In the 20th century, before the Spanish Civil War the ''[[Irmandades da Fala]]'' ("Brotherhood of the Language") and ''[[Nós (Galicia)|Grupo Nós]]'' included such writers as [[Vicente Risco]], [[Ramón Cabanillas]] and [[Castelao]]. Public use of Galician was largely suppressed during the Franco dictatorship but has been resurgent since the restoration of democracy. Though written primarily in Castilian, several works by the Nobel laureate [[Camilo José Cela]], notably ''[[Mazurka for Two Dead Men]]'', are set in the author's native Galicia and make frequent allusions to Galician folklore, customs, and language. Other notable Galician authors who wrote mostly in Spanish, but always around Galician subjects, are [[Valle-Inclán]], [[Wenceslao Fernández Flórez]], [[Emilia Pardo Bazán]] and [[Gonzalo Torrente Ballester]]. Contemporary writers in Galician include [[Xosé Luís Méndez Ferrín]], [[Manuel Rivas]], [[Chus Pato]], and [[Suso de Toro]].

===Public holidays===
<!--Please, only use this for official public holidays -->
* {{lang|gl|Día de San Xosé}} (St. Joseph's Day) on 19 March (strictly religious)
* {{lang|gl|Día do Traballo}} ([[May Day]]) on 1 May
* {{lang|gl|[[Día das Letras Galegas]]}} (Galician Literature Day) on 17 May
* {{lang|gl|[[Día da Patria Galega]]}} (Galicia's National Day) also known as the [[Feast of Saint James]] on 25 July
* {{lang|gl|Día da Nosa Señora (Day of Our Lady)}} on 15 August (strictly religious)

====Festivals====
[[File:Peliqueiros de Laza.jpg|thumb|upright|''Entroido'': ''Peliqueiros'' in [[Laza, Spain|Laza]], allegedly dressed as 16th-century [[Castile (historical region)|Castilian]] tax collectors]]
* ''Entroido'', or [[Carnival]], is a traditional celebration in Galicia, historically disliked and even forbidden by the Catholic Church. Famous celebrations are held in [[Laza, Spain|Laza]], [[Verín]], and [[Xinzo de Limia]].
* [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Festa do Corpus Christi]] in [[Ponteareas]], has been observed since 1857 on the weekend following [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] (a [[movable feast]]) and is known for its floral carpets. It was declared a Festival of Tourist Interest in 1968 and a Festival of National Tourist Interest in 1980.
* [[Pontevedra Feira Franca|Feira Franca]], the first weekend of September, in [[Pontevedra]] recreates an open market that first occurred in 1467. The fair commemorates the height of Pontevedra's prosperity in the 15th and 16th centuries, through historical recreation, theater, animation, and demonstration of artistic activities. Held annually since 2000.
* [[Arde Lucus]], in June, celebrates the Celtic and Roman history of the city of Lugo, with recreations of Celtic weddings, Roman circus, etc.
* [[Bonfires of Saint John]], ''Noite de San Xoán'' or ''Noite da Queima'' is widely spread in all Galician territory, celebrated as a welcome to the [[summer solstice]] since the Celtic period, and Christianized in [[Midsummer|Saint John's day]] eve. Bonfires are believed to make ''meigas'' (malicious or fallen witches), flee. They are particularly relevant in the city of [[A Coruña|Corunna]], where it became [[Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain|Fiesta of National Tourist Interest of Spain]]. The whole city participates in making great bonfires in each district, whereas the centre of the party is located on the beaches of Riazor and Orzan, in the very city heart, where hundreds of bonfires of different sizes are lighted. Also, grilled sardines are very typical.
* Rapa das Bestas ("shearing of the beasts") in [[Sabucedo]], the first weekend in July, is the most famous of several ''rapas'' in Galicia and was declared a Festival of National Tourist Interest in 1963. Wild colts are driven down from the mountains and brought to a closed area known as a ''curro'', where their manes are cut and the animals are marked and assisted after a long winter in the hills. In Sabucedo, unlike in other ''rapas'', the ''aloitadores'' ("fighters") each take on their task with no assistance.
* Festival de Ortigueira ([[Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World]]) lasts four days in July, in [[Ortigueira]]. First celebrated in 1978–1987 and revived in 1995, the festival is based on [[Celt]]ic culture, folk music, and the encounter of different peoples throughout Spain and the world. Attended by over 100,000 people, it is considered a Festival of National Tourist Interest.
* Festa da Dorna, 24 July, in [[Santa Uxía de Ribeira|Ribeira]]. Founded in 1948, declared a Galician Festival of Tourist Interest in 2005. Founded as a joke by a group of friends, it includes the Gran Prix de Carrilanas, a regatta of hand-made boats; the [[Icarus]] Prize for Unmotorized Flight; and a musical competition, the Canción de Tasca.
* Festas do Apóstolo Santiago (Festas of the Apostle James): the events in honor of the patron saint of Galicia last for half a month. The religious celebrations take place on 24 July. Celebrants set off [[fireworks]], including a pyrotechnic castle in the form of the façade of the cathedral.
* Romería Vikinga de Catoira ("[[Viking Festival of Catoira]]"), the first Sunday in August, is a secular festival that has occurred since 1960 and was declared a Festival of International Tourist Interest in 2002. It commemorates the historic defense of Galicia and the treasures of Santiago de Compostela from [[Normans|Norman]] and [[Saracen]] pirate attacks.
* Festas da Peregrina in [[Pontevedra]], 2nd week of August, celebrating the Pilgrim Virgin of [[Pontevedra]]. There is a [[bullfighting]] festival at the same time. Pontevedra is the only city where there is a [[Plaza de Toros de Pontevedra|permanent bullring]].
[[File:Lexionario. Festa do esquecemento. Xinzo de Limia, Ourense, Galiza.jpg|thumb|A [[Historical reenactment|reenactor]] dressed as a Roman soldier. ''Festa do esquecemento'', [[Xinzo de Limia]]]]
* Festa de San Froilán, 4–12 October, celebrating the patron saint of the city of [[Lugo]]. A Festival of National Tourist Interest, the festival was attended by 1,035,000 people in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://elprogreso.galiciae.com/nova/18491.html |title=El San Froilán atrajo a Lugo a más de un millón de personas |newspaper=[[El Progreso (Spain)|El Progreso]] |access-date=26 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017170549/http://elprogreso.galiciae.com/nova/18491.html |archive-date=17 October 2009 |language=es |date=13 October 2008}}</ref> It is most famous for the booths serving ''[[polbo á feira]]'', an [[octopus]] dish.
* Festa do marisco (Seafood Festival), October, in [[O Grove]]. Established in 1963; declared a Festival of National Tourist Interest in the 1980s.

In 2015 only five ''[[Bullfighting|corridas]]'' took place within Galicia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://praza.gal/movementos-sociais/10042/a-teima-en-triacastela-non-evita-o-esmorecemento-das-touradas-en-galicia/ |title=A teima en Triacastela non-evita o esmorecemento das touradas en Galicia |work=Praza Pública |language=gl |first=Miguel |last=Pardo |date=24 August 2015 |access-date=14 March 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130055/http://praza.gal/movementos-sociais/10042/a-teima-en-triacastela-non-evita-o-esmorecemento-das-touradas-en-galicia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In addition, recent studies have stated that 92% of Galicians are firmly against bullfighting, the highest rate in Spain. Despite this, popular associations, such as ''Galicia Mellor Sen Touradas'' ("Galicia Better without Bullfights"), have blamed politicians for having no compromise to abolish it and have been very critical of local councils', especially those governed by the PP and PSOE, payment of subsidies for corridas. The province government of Pontevedra stopped the end of these subsidies and declared the province "free of bullfights".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://praza.gal/movementos-sociais/10218/a-deputacion-declara-pontevedra-libre-de-touradas-e-da-outro-paso-para-a-abolicion-en-galicia/ |title=A Deputación declara Pontevedra libre de touradas e dá outro paso para a abolición en Galicia |work=Praza Pública |language=gl |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=14 March 2019 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130113413/http://praza.gal/movementos-sociais/10218/a-deputacion-declara-pontevedra-libre-de-touradas-e-da-outro-paso-para-a-abolicion-en-galicia |url-status=live }}</ref> The province government of A Coruña approved a document supporting the abolition of these events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://praza.gal/movementos-sociais/10126/a-deputacion-da-coruna-pide-por-ampla-maioria-a-abolicion-das-touradas/ |title=A Deputación da Coruña pide por ampla maioría a abolición das touradas |work=Praza Pública |language=gl |date=11 September 2015 |access-date=14 March 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812214649/http://praza.gal/movementos-sociais/10126/a-deputacion-da-coruna-pide-por-ampla-maioria-a-abolicion-das-touradas/ |url-status=live }}</ref>