Editing French Revolution (section)

=== Europe outside France ===
Historians often see the impact of the Revolution as through the institutions and ideas exported by Napoleon. Economic historians Dan Bogart, Mauricio Drelichman, Oscar Gelderblom, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal describe Napoleon's [[Codification (law)|codified law]] as the French Revolution's "most significant export."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 2010 |title=State and private institutions (Chapter 3) – The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511794834.005 |website=Cambridge Core}}</ref> According to [[Daron Acemoglu]], Davide Cantoni, [[Simon Johnson (economist)|Simon Johnson]], and [[James A. Robinson (economist)|James A. Robinson]] the French Revolution had long-term effects in Europe. They suggest that "areas that were occupied by the French and that underwent radical institutional reform experienced more rapid [[urbanization]] and economic growth, especially after 1850. There is no evidence of a negative effect of French invasion."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Cantoni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=2011 |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w14831.pdf |journal=[[American Economic Review]] |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=3286–3307 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.7.3286 |s2cid=157790320 |hdl=10419/37516 |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212034454/https://www.nber.org/papers/w14831.pdf |url-status=live |issn=0002-8282}}<!--http://www.nber.org/papers/w14831.pdf--></ref>

The Revolution sparked intense debate in Britain. The [[Revolution Controversy]] was a "[[Pamphlet wars|pamphlet war]]" set off by the publication of ''[[A Discourse on the Love of Our Country]]'', a speech given by [[Richard Price]] to the [[Revolution Society]] on 4 November 1789, supporting the French Revolution. [[Edmund Burke]] responded in November 1790 with his own pamphlet, ''[[Reflections on the Revolution in France]]'', attacking the French Revolution as a threat to the aristocracy of all countries.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Emma Vincent |last=Macleod |title=A War of Ideas: British Attitudes to the War against Revolutionary France, 1792–1802 |date=1999 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-1-8401-4614-1}}</ref>{{Sfn|Palmer|1970|page= 459–505}} [[William Coxe (MP)|William Coxe]] opposed Price's premise that one's country is principles and people, not the State itself.{{Sfn|Clark|2000|p=233}}

Conversely, two seminal political pieces of political history were written in Price's favour, supporting the general right of the French people to replace their State. One of the first of these "[[Pamphlet#History|pamphlets]]" into print was ''[[A Vindication of the Rights of Men]]'' by [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] . Wollstonecraft's title was echoed by [[Thomas Paine]]'s ''[[Rights of Man]]'', published a few months later. In 1792 [[Christopher Wyvill (reformer)|Christopher Wyvill]] published ''Defence of Dr. Price and the Reformers of England'', a plea for reform and moderation.<ref>Graham, pp. 297–298.</ref> This exchange of ideas has been described as "one of the great political debates in British history".{{Sfn|Crowe|2005|p=93}}

In Ireland, the effect was to transform what had been an attempt by Protestant settlers to gain some autonomy into a mass movement led by the [[Society of United Irishmen]] involving Catholics and Protestants. It stimulated the demand for further reform throughout Ireland, especially in [[Ulster]], and led to the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]], which was brutally suppressed by government troops.{{Sfn|Pelling|2002|pp=5–10}} The German reaction to the Revolution swung from favourable to antagonistic. At first it brought liberal and democratic ideas, the end of guilds, serfdom and the Jewish ghetto. It brought economic freedoms and agrarian and legal reform. Above all the antagonism helped stimulate and shape [[German nationalism]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Theodore S. |last=Hamerow |title=Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815–1871 |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1958 |isbn=978-0-6910-0755-7 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IPNXfV2-DhcC&pg=PA22 22–24], 44–45}}</ref>

France invaded Switzerland and turned it into the "[[Helvetic Republic]]" (1798–1803), a French puppet state. French interference with localism and traditions was deeply resented in Switzerland, although some reforms took hold and survived in the later [[Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland|period of restoration]].<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Marc H. |last=Lerner |title=The Helvetic Republic: An Ambivalent Reception of French Revolutionary Liberty |journal=French History |date=2004 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=50–75 |doi=10.1093/fh/18.1.50}}</ref>{{Sfn|Palmer|1970|page=394–421}} France invaded and occupied the region now known as Belgium between 1794 and 1814. The new government enforced reforms, incorporating the region into France. Resistance was strong in every sector, as Belgian nationalism emerged to oppose French rule. The French legal system, however, was adopted, with its equal legal rights, and abolition of class distinctions.{{Sfn|Kossmann|1978|pp=65–81, 101–102}}

The Kingdom of Denmark adopted liberalising reforms in line with those of the French Revolution. Reform was gradual and the regime itself carried out [[agrarian reform]]s that had the effect of weakening absolutism by creating a class of independent peasant [[Freehold (law)|freeholders]]. Much of the initiative came from well-organised liberals who directed political change in the first half of the 19th century.{{Sfn|Horstboll|Ostergård|1990|pp=155–179}} The [[Constitution of Norway]] of 1814 was inspired by the French Revolution<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2013 |title=The Bicentenary of the Norwegian Constitution |url=https://www.stortinget.no/nn/In-English/About-the-Storting/News-archive/Front-page-news/2012-2013/The-Bicentenary-of-the-Norwegian-Constitution-2014/}}</ref> and was considered to be one of the most liberal and democratic constitutions at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stensvand |first=Elin |title=The Norwegian Constitution: from autocracy to democracy |url=https://www.uib.no/en/news/79930/norwegian-constitution-autocracy-democracy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729061204/https://www.uib.no/en/news/79930/norwegian-constitution-autocracy-democracy |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |website=University of Bergen}}</ref>