Editing Female genital mutilation (section)

===United Nations{{anchor|UN}}===
[[File:Female genital mutilation laws by country map.svg|300px|thumb|[[Female genital mutilation laws by country]]:
{{legend|#008000|Specific criminal provision or national law prohibiting FGM}}
{{legend|#00FF00|General criminal provision that might be used to prosecute FGM}}
{{legend|#EEEE00|Partial or subnational FGM criminalisation, or unclear legal status}}
{{legend|#FF0000|FGM not criminalised}}
{{legend|#C0C0C0|No data}}]]
In December 1993, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] included FGM in resolution 48/104, the [[Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women]], and from 2003 sponsored [[International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation]], held every 6 February.<ref>[http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm "48/104. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060202074847/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm |date=2 February 2006 }}, United Nations General Assembly, 20 December 1993.</ref><ref>Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs, [http://www.prb.org/Articles/2009/fgmc.aspx "Commemorating International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213125942/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2009/fgmc.aspx |date=13 February 2010 }}, Population Reference Bureau, February 2009.</ref> UNICEF began in 2003 to promote an evidence-based [[social norms approach]], using ideas from [[game theory]] about how communities reach decisions about FGM, and building on the work of Gerry Mackie on the demise of footbinding in China.<ref>[[#UNICEF2013|UNICEF 2013]], 15; [[#UNICEF2010|UNICEF 2010]].</ref> In 2005 the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in Florence published its first report on FGM.<ref name=UNICEF2005/> UNFPA and UNICEF launched a joint program in Africa in 2007 to reduce FGM by 40 percent within the 0–15 age group and eliminate it from at least one country by 2012, goals that were not met and which they later described as unrealistic.<ref name="UNFPA–UNICEF2013">[[#UNFPA2013|UNFPA 2013]], "Executive Summary", 4.</ref>{{efn|Fifteen countries joined the program: Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Senegal and Sudan in 2008; Burkina Faso, Gambia, Uganda and Somalia in 2009; and Eritrea, Mali and Mauritania in 2011.<ref>[[#UNFPA2013|UNFPA 2013]], Volume 1, viii.</ref>}} In 2008 several UN bodies recognized FGM as a human-rights violation,<ref>[[#WHO2008|WHO 2008]], 8.</ref> and in 2010 the UN called upon healthcare providers to stop carrying out the procedures, including reinfibulation after childbirth and symbolic nicking.<ref name=UN2010Askew/> In 2012 the General Assembly passed resolution 67/146, "Intensifying global efforts for the elimination of female genital mutilations".<ref name=UN>[[#UNresolution2012|UN resolution, 20 December 2012]]; Emma Bonino, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/opinion/global/banning-female-genital-mutilation.html "Banning Female Genital Mutilation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101060201/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/opinion/global/banning-female-genital-mutilation.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/opinion/global/banning-female-genital-mutilation.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=1 January 2017 }}{{cbignore}}, ''The New York Times'', 19 December 2012.</ref>