Editing Fair trade (section)

==Commodities ==
Fair trade commodities are import/export goods that are certified by a fair trade certification organization such as [[Fair Trade USA]] or [[World Fair Trade Organization]]. Such organizations are typically overseen by Fairtrade International. Fairtrade International sets international fair trade standards and supports fair trade producers and cooperatives.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fairtrade.net/about_us.html |title=Fairtrade International (FLO): Fairtrade International |publisher=Fairtrade.net |date=2017-09-17 |access-date=2017-11-13 |archive-date=2013-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502142434/http://www.fairtrade.net/about_us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sixty percent of the fair trade market consists of food products such as coffee, tea, cocoa, honey, and bananas.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura 2000">Raynolds, Laura. "Re-embedding Global Agriculture: The International Organic and Fair Trade Movements." ''Agriculture and Human Values'' 17.3 (2000): 297–309.</ref> Non-food commodities include crafts, textiles, and flowers. Shima Baradaran of Brigham Young University suggests that fair trade techniques could {{clarify|text=be productively applied to products that might involve|reason="applied" & "involve" are vague, passive voice makes this obscure|date=March 2022}} [[child labor]].<ref name="Fair Trade and Child Labor">{{cite journal|first2=Stephanie H. |last2=Barclay|title=Fair Trade and Child Labor|journal=Columbia Human Rights Law Review |volume=43 |pages=1 |year=2011–2012|ssrn=1823546|author=Shima Baradaran|quote=fair trade should be considered as a proven alternative to current strategies to eliminate child labor}}</ref> Although fair trade represents only .01% of the food and beverage industry in the United States, it is growing rapidly{{current event inline|date=March 2022}}.<ref>Raynolds, Laura T., Douglas L. Murray, and John Wilkinson. Fair Trade: The Challenges of Transforming Globalization. London: Routledge, 2007.</ref>

=== Coffee ===
{{Main|Fair trade coffee}}
[[File:Coffee beans being sorted and pulped.jpg|thumb|Fair trade [[coffee bean]]s being sorted]]
Coffee is the most well-established fair trade commodity. Most Fair Trade coffee is ''[[Coffea arabica]],'' which is grown at high altitudes. Fair Trade markets emphasize the quality of coffee because they usually appeal to customers who are motivated by taste rather than price. The fair trade movement fixated on coffee first because it is a highly traded commodity for most producing countries, and almost half the world's coffee is produced by smallholder farmers.<ref name=":2" /> At first fair trade coffee was sold at small scale; now multinationals like Starbucks and Nestlé use fair trade coffee.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Weak Coffee: Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement|journal = Social Problems|date = 2012-02-01|issn = 0037-7791|pages = 94–116|volume = 59|issue = 1|doi = 10.1525/sp.2012.59.1.94|first = Daniel|last = Jaffee|url = https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/soc_fac/130|access-date = 2021-05-21|archive-date = 2021-04-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417231352/https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/soc_fac/130/|url-status = live}}</ref> As of 2006, Starbucks was the world's largest purchaser of fair trade coffee.<ref name=":0"/>

Internationally recognized Fair Trade coffee standards outlined by FLO are as follows: small producers are grouped in democratic cooperatives or groups; buyers and sellers establish long-term, stable relationships; buyers pay the producers at least the minimum Fair Trade price or, when the market price is higher, the market price; and, buyers pay a social premium of {{currency|.20|USD}} per pound of coffee to the producers. The current{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} minimum Fair Trade price for high-grade, washed Arabica coffee is {{currency|1.40|USD}} per pound; {{currency|1.70|USD}} per pound if the coffee is organic.<ref name=":2" />

The marketing system for fair trade and non-fair trade coffee is identical in the consuming and developing countries, using mostly the same importing, packing, distributing, and retailing firms used worldwide. Some independent brands operate a "virtual company", paying importers, packers and distributors, and advertising agencies to handle their brand, for cost reasons.<ref>Davies, IA and A Crane, "Ethical Decision Making in Fair Trade Companies". ''Journal of Business Ethics'' 45: 79–92, 2003. p. 84</ref> In the producing country, fair trade is marketed only by fair trade cooperatives, while other coffee is marketed by fair trade cooperatives (as uncertified coffee), by other cooperatives and by ordinary traders.{{Sfn | Mohan | 2010}}{{Sfn | Kilian | Jones | Pratt | Villalobos | 2006}}{{Sfn | Berndt | 2007}}{{Sfn | Riedel | Lopez | Widdows | Manji | 2005}}{{Sfn | Kohler | 2006}}

==== Locations ====
The largest sources of fair trade coffee are Uganda and Tanzania, followed by Latin American countries such as Guatemala and Costa Rica.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura 2000" /> As of 1999, major importers of fair trade coffee included Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. There is a North/South divide between fair trade consumers and producers. North American countries are not yet{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} among the top importers of fair trade coffee.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura 2000" />

==== Labour ====
Starbucks began to purchase more fair trade coffee in 2001 because of charges of labor rights violations in Central American plantations. Several competitors, including Nestlé, followed suit.<ref name="Jaffee, Daniel 2012 pp. 94-116">Jaffee, Daniel: "Weak Coffee: Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement." ''Social Problems'', Vol. 59, No. 1 (February 2012), pp. 94–116</ref> Large corporations that sell non-fair trade coffee take 55% of what consumers pay for coffee while only 10% goes to the producers. Small growers dominate the production of coffee, especially in Latin American countries such as Peru. Coffee is the {{clarify|text=fastest expanding|date=March 2022}} fairly traded commodity, and an increasing{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} number of producers are small farmers that own their own land and work in cooperatives. The incomes of growers of fair trade coffee beans depend on the market value of coffee where it is consumed, so farmers of fair trade coffee do not necessarily live above the poverty line or get completely {{clarify|text=fair prices|date=March 2022}} for their commodity.<ref name="ReferenceA">Ransom, David. ''The No-nonsense Guide to Fair Trade.'' Oxford: New Internationalist Publications, 2001</ref>

Unsustainable farming practices can harm plantation owners and laborers. Unsustainable practices such as using {{clarify|text=chemicals|date=March 2022}} and unshaded growing are risky. Small growers who put themselves at economic risk by not having {{clarify|text=diverse farming practices|date=March 2022}} could lose money and resources due to fluctuating coffee prices, pest problems, or policy shifts.<ref name="Rice, Robert A 1999">Rice, Robert A (1999). "A Place Unbecoming: The Coffee Farm of Northern Latin America." ''Geographical Review'': 89(4): 554–579.</ref>

The effectiveness of Fairtrade is questionable; workers on Fairtrade farms have a lower standard of living than on similar farms outside the Fairtrade system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/05/agriculture-ethiopia-and-uganda?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/bl/notsofairtrade|access-date=3 July 2014|title=Agriculture in Ethiopia and Uganda: Not so fair trade|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192341/http://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/05/agriculture-ethiopia-and-uganda?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Fbl%2Fnotsofairtrade|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Sustainability ====
As coffee becomes one of the most important export crops in certain regions such as northern Latin America, nature and agriculture are transformed. Increased productivity requires technological innovations, and the coffee agroecosystem has been changing. In the nineteenth century in Latin America, coffee plantations began replacing sugarcane and subsistence crops. Coffee crops became more managed; they were put into rows and unshaded, meaning diversity of the forest was decreased and [[Coffea]] trees shortened. As plant and tree diversity decreased, so did animal diversity. Unshaded plantations allow a higher density of Coffea trees, are less protected from wind and lead to more soil erosion. Technified{{Clarification needed|date=August 2023}} coffee plantations also use chemicals such as fertilizers, insecticides, and fungicides.<ref name="Rice, Robert A 1999" />

Fair trade certified commodities must adhere to sustainable agro-ecological practices, including reduction of chemical fertilizer use, prevention of erosion, and protection of forests. Coffee plantations are more likely to be fair trade certified if they use traditional farming practices with shading and without chemicals. This protects the biodiversity of the ecosystem and ensures that the land will be usable for farming in the future and not just for short-term planting.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura 2000" /> In the United States, 85% of fair trade certified coffee is also organic.<ref name="ReferenceB">DeCarlo, Jacqueline. ''Fair Trade: A Beginner's Guide''. Oxford, England: Oneworld, 2007</ref>

==== Consumer attitudes ====
Consumers typically have positive attitudes about products that are ethically made. These products may promise fair labor conditions, protection of the environment, and protection of human rights. Fair trade products meet standards like these. Despite positive attitudes toward ethical products such as fair trade commodities, consumers often are not willing to pay higher prices for fair trade coffee. The attitude-behavior gap can help explain why ethical and fair trade products take up less than 1% of the market. Coffee consumers may say they are willing to pay a premium for fair trade coffee, but most consumers are more concerned with the brand, label, and flavor of the coffee. However, socially conscious consumers with a commitment to buying fair trade products are more likely to pay the premium associated with fair trade coffee.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pelsmacker | first1 = De | last2 = Patrick | last3 = Driesen | first3 = Liesbeth | last4 = Rayp | first4 = Glenn | year = 2005| title = Do Consumers Care about Ethics? Willingness to Pay for Fair-Trade Coffee | journal = Journal of Consumer Affairs | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 363–385 | doi=10.1111/j.1745-6606.2005.00019.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> When a sufficient number of consumers begin purchasing fair trade, companies will be more likely to carry fair trade products. [[Safeway Inc.]] began carrying fair trade coffee after individual consumers dropped off postcards asking for it.<ref name="ReferenceC">Jaffee, Daniel. ''Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival''. Berkeley: University of California, 2007</ref>

====Coffee companies====
<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
The following coffee roasters and companies claim to offer fair trade coffee or some roasts that are fair trade certified:
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* Anodyne Coffee Roasting Company <ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016">{{cite book | last1=Erdo?du | first1=M.M. | last2=Arun | first2=T. | last3=Ahmad | first3=I.H. | title=Handbook of Research on Green Economic Development Initiatives and Strategies | publisher=IGI Global | series=Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-5225-0441-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFWiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA565 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=565}}</ref>
* Breve Coffee Company <ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016"/>
* [[Cafedirect]]<ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016"/><ref>{{cite web | last=Press | first=Susan | title=World's first Fairtrade nut-farming co-op celebrates tenth birthday | website=Co-operative News | date=February 6, 2017 | url=https://www.thenews.coop/112412/sector/worker-coops/worlds-first-fairtrade-nut-farming-co-op-celebrates-tenth-birthday/ | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=November 14, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114095042/https://www.thenews.coop/112412/sector/worker-coops/worlds-first-fairtrade-nut-farming-co-op-celebrates-tenth-birthday/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Counter Culture Coffee]]<ref>{{cite book | last1=Haarstad | first1=H. | last2=Amen | first2=M. | last3=Clair | first3=A.L.S. | title=Social Movements, the Poor and the New Politics of the Americas | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Rethinking Globalizations | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-134-92255-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKjsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=67}}</ref>
* [[Equal Exchange]]<ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016"/>
* [[Gepa The Fair Trade Company|GEPA]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Langen | first=N. | title=Ethics in Consumer Choice: An Empirical Analysis based on the Example of Coffee | publisher=Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden | series=SpringerLink | year=2012 | isbn=978-3-658-00759-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2m0YEz2QHgC&pg=PA108 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=108}}</ref>
* [[Keurig]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keurig.com/responsible-coffee|title=Committed to 100% Responsibly Sourced Coffee|website=www.keurig.com}}</ref>
* [[Just Us!]]<ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016"/>
* [[Peace Coffee]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Jedlicka | first=W. | title=Packaging Sustainability: Tools, Systems and Strategies for Innovative Package Design | publisher=Wiley | series=EBL-Schweitzer | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-119-10386-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujAABwAAQBAJ&pg=PT118 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | pages=pt118–119}}</ref>
* [[Pura Vida Coffee]]<ref name="Erdo?du Arun Ahmad 2016"/>
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=== Cocoa ===
Many countries that export [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] rely on it as their single export crop. In Africa in particular, governments tax cocoa as their main source of revenue. Cocoa is a permanent crop, which means that it occupies land for long periods of time and does not need to be replanted after each harvest.<ref name="Willer and Yussefi 2008">Willer, Helga; Yussefi-Menzler, Minou und Sorensen, Neil, (Hrsg.) (2008) "The World of Organic Agriculture – Statistics and Emerging Trends 2008." IFOAM, Bonn and FiBL, Frick</ref>

==== Locations ====
Cocoa is farmed in the tropical regions of West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. In Latin America, cocoa is produced in Costa Rica, Panama, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Much of the cocoa produced in Latin America is organic and regulated by an [[Internal control]] system. Bolivia has fair trade cooperatives that permit a fair share of money for cocoa producers. African cocoa-producing countries include Cameroon, Madagascar, São Tomé and Príncipe, Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda, and Côte d'Ivoire.<ref name="Willer and Yussefi 2008" /> Côte d'Ivoire exports over a third of the world's cocoa beans.<ref name="Brown, Michael Barratt 2007">Brown, Michael Barratt. "'Fair Trade' with Africa." ''Review of African Political Economy'' 34.112 (2007): 267–77</ref> Southeast Asia accounts for about 14% of the world's cocoa production. Major cocoa-producing countries are Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldcocoafoundation.org/our-work/where-we-work/ |title=Where We Work |publisher=World Cocoa Foundation |access-date=2017-11-13 |archive-date=2017-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018070403/http://www.worldcocoafoundation.org/our-work/where-we-work/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Labour ====
Africa and other developing countries received low prices for their exported commodities such as cocoa, which caused poverty to abound. Fair trade seeks to establish a system of direct trade from developing countries to counteract this unfair system.<ref name="Brown, Michael Barratt 2007" /> Most cocoa comes from small family-run farms in West Africa. These farms have little market access and so rely on middlemen to bring their products to market. Sometimes middlemen are unfair to farmers.<ref name="Houston, Holly 2012">Houston, Holly, and Terry Wyer. "Why Sustainable Cocoa Farming Matters for Rural Development." Center for Strategic and International Studies, 6 Sept. 2012.</ref> Farmers may join an [[Agricultural cooperative]] that pays farmers a fair price for their cocoa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=Michael K |year=2004 |title=Reading fairtrade: political ecological imaginary and the moral economy of fairtrade foods |journal=Political Geography |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=891–915 |doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2004.05.013}}</ref> One of the main tenets of fair trade is that farmers receive a fair price, but this does not mean that the higher price paid for fair trade cocoa goes directly to the farmers. Much of this money goes to community projects such as water wells rather than to individual farmers. Nevertheless, cooperatives such as fair trade-endorsed [[Kuapa Kokoo]] in Ghana are often the only Licensed Buying Companies that will give farmers a fair price and not cheat them or rig sales.<ref name="Berlan, Amanda 2008">{{cite book |last1=Berlan |first1=Amanda |chapter=Making or marketing a difference? An anthropological examination of the marketing of fair trade cocoa from Ghana |series=Research in Economic Anthropology |title=Hidden Hands in the Market: Ethnographies of Fair Trade, Ethical Consumption, and Corporate Social Responsibility |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84855-058-2 |volume=28 |pages=171–94 |publisher=Emerald (MCB UP ) |location=Bingley |doi=10.1016/S0190-1281(08)28008-X}}</ref> Farmers in cooperatives {{clarify|text=are frequently their own bosses and get bonuses|reason=what does it mean to "get a bonus" if you are "your own boss"?|date=March 2022}} per bag of cocoa beans. These arrangements are not always assured and fair trade organizations can't always buy all of the cocoa available to them from cooperatives.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==== Marketing ====
Marketing of fair trade cocoa to European consumers often portrays cocoa farmers as dependent on western purchases for their livelihood and well-being. Showing African cocoa producers in this way is problematic because it is reminiscent of the imperialistic view that Africans cannot live happily without the help of westerners. It portrays the balance of power as being in favor of the consumers rather than the producers.<ref name="Berlan, Amanda 2008" />

Consumers often aren't willing to pay the extra price for fair trade cocoa because they do not know what fair trade is. Activist groups can educate consumers about the unethical aspects of unfair trade and thereby promote demand for fairly traded commodities. Activism and ethical consumption not only promote fair trade but also act against powerful corporations such as [[Mars, Incorporated]] that refuse to acknowledge the use of forced child labor in the harvesting of their cocoa.<ref name="ReferenceC" />

==== Sustainability ====
[[Smallholding]] farmers frequently lack access not only to markets but also to resources for sustainable cocoa farming practices. Lack of sustainability can be due to pests, diseases that attack cocoa trees, lack of farming supplies, and lack of knowledge about modern farming techniques.<ref name="Houston, Holly 2012" /> One issue pertaining to cocoa plantation sustainability is the amount of time it takes for a cocoa tree to produce pods. A solution is to change the type of cocoa tree being farmed. In Ghana, a hybrid cocoa tree yields two crops after three years rather than the typical one crop after five years.

==== Cocoa companies ====
The following chocolate companies claim to use all or some fair trade cocoa in their chocolate. Certifying organizations, as of 2024, are listed in parentheses.
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Alter Eco]] (Ecocert, Fairtrade International)) <ref name="Huffington Post 2017">{{cite web | title=A Deep Dive into Ethical Label Claims | website=HuffPost | date=April 24, 2017 | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/a-deep-dive-into-ethical-label-claims_us_58fe3d8ee4b0f02c3870ed2e | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=May 4, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504112458/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/a-deep-dive-into-ethical-label-claims_us_58fe3d8ee4b0f02c3870ed2e | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ben & Jerry's]] (Fairtrade International)<ref>{{cite web | title=Fair trade for college students | website=The Collegian | date=November 7, 2017 | url=http://www.stmaryscollegian.com/fair-trade-for-college-students/ | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222420/http://www.stmaryscollegian.com/fair-trade-for-college-students/ | archive-date=November 13, 2017 | url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* [[Cadbury]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/media-centre/blog/why-i-want-to-cheer-not-jeer-what-is-happening-with-cadbury-and-fairtrade/ |title=Why I want to cheer, not jeer, what is happening with Cadbury and Fairtrade |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Fairtrade |date=29 November 2016 |publisher=The Fairtrade Foundation |access-date=2020-10-09 |archive-date=2020-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016230016/https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/media-centre/blog/why-i-want-to-cheer-not-jeer-what-is-happening-with-cadbury-and-fairtrade/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Chocolove]] (Fair Trade USA)<ref>{{cite web | title=Top Chocolate Bars For Valentines' | website=Consumer Reports | date=February 13, 2014 | url=https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2014/02/top-chocolate-bars-for-valentine-s-day/index.htm | language=id | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222154/https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2014/02/top-chocolate-bars-for-valentine-s-day/index.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Divine Chocolate]] (Fairtrade International)<ref name="Huffington Post 2017"/><ref name="HuffPost 2017">{{cite web | title=Of Gods and Goblins | website=HuffPost | date=October 26, 2017 | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/of-gods-and-goblins_us_59f20d25e4b06ae9067ab6e7 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=November 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130151410/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/of-gods-and-goblins_us_59f20d25e4b06ae9067ab6e7 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Equal Exchange]]<ref name="HuffPost 2017"/>
* [[Gepa The Fair Trade Company|GEPA]]
* [[Green & Black's]] (Fairtrade International)<ref>{{cite book | last=Anderson | first=M. | title=A History of Fair Trade in Contemporary Britain: From Civil Society Campaigns to Corporate Compliance | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-137-31330-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgVaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=122}}</ref>
* [[Guittard Chocolate Company]] (Fair Trade USA)<ref>{{cite web | title=Short List / Chocolat, Voilà! | website=Observer | url=http://observer.com/2015/11/french-artistry-and-american-entrepreneurial-spirit-the-guittard-chocolate-company/ | access-date=November 13, 2017 | date=2015-11-25 | archive-date=2017-11-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222936/http://observer.com/2015/11/french-artistry-and-american-entrepreneurial-spirit-the-guittard-chocolate-company/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Theo Chocolate]] (Ecocert)<ref name="Huffington Post 2017"/><ref>{{cite news | last=Chang | first=Elizabeth | title=Your ethical chocolate might be only 20 percent 'ethical' | newspaper=Washington Post | date=April 10, 2017 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/lifestyle/your-ethical-chocolate-might-be-only-20-percent-ethical/2193/ | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=May 19, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519084347/https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/lifestyle/your-ethical-chocolate-might-be-only-20-percent-ethical/2193/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tony's Chocolonely]] (Fairtrade International)
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==== Harkin–Engel Protocol ====
The [[Harkin–Engel Protocol]], also commonly known as the Cocoa Protocol, is an international agreement meant to end some of the world's worst forms of child labor, as well as forced labor in the cocoa industry. It was first negotiated by Senator [[Tom Harkin]] and Representative Eliot Engel after they watched a documentary that showed the cocoa industry's widespread issue of child slavery and trafficking. The parties involved agreed to a six-article plan:

# '''Public statement of the need for and terms of an action plan'''—The cocoa industry acknowledged the problem of forced child labor and will commit "significant resources" to address the problem.
# '''Formation of multi-sectoral advisory groups'''—By 1 October 2001, an advisory group will be formed to research labor practices. By 1 December 2001, industry will form an advisory group and formulate appropriate remedies to address the worst forms of child labor.
# '''Signed joint statement on child labor to be witnessed at the ILO'''—By 1 December 2001, a statement must be made recognizing the need to end the worst forms of child labor and identify developmental alternatives for the children removed from labor.
# '''Memorandum of cooperation'''—By 1 May 2002, Establish a joint action program of research, information exchange, and action to enforce standards to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. Establish a monitor and compliance with the standards.
# '''Establish a joint foundation'''—By 1 July 2002, industry will form a foundation to oversee efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. It will perform field projects and be a clearinghouse on best practices.
# '''Building toward credible standards'''—By 1 July 2005, the industry will develop and implement industry-wide standards of public certification that cocoa has been grown without any of the worst forms of child labor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cocoainitiative.org/en/documents-manager/english/54-harkin-engel-protocol/file |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208022828/http://www.cocoainitiative.org/en/documents-manager/english/54-harkin-engel-protocol/file |archive-date=2015-12-08 }}</ref>

=== Textiles ===
Fair trade [[textile]]s are primarily made from fair trade cotton. By 2015, nearly 75,000 cotton farmers in developing countries had obtained fair trade certification. The minimum price that Fair trade pays allows cotton farmers to sustain and improve their livelihoods.<ref name="Farmers' self-determination">Singh Anup Kumar. in E+Z / D+C [http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/fairtrade-improving-cotton-farmers-lot-africa-and-india] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318050923/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/fairtrade-improving-cotton-farmers-lot-africa-and-india|date=2015-03-18}} February, 2015</ref> Fair trade textiles are frequently grouped with fair trade crafts and goods made by artisans in contrast to cocoa, coffee, sugar, tea, and honey, which are agricultural commodities.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==== Locations ====
India, Pakistan, and West Africa are the primary exporters of fair trade cotton, although many countries grow fair trade cotton.<ref name="Bassett, Thomas J 2010">Bassett, Thomas J. "Slim pickings: Fairtrade cotton in West Africa." ''Geoforum'', 2010. 41(1): 44-55</ref><ref name="Littrell, M. A. 1998">Littrell, M. A., and M. A. Dickson. "Fair Trade Performance in a Competitive Market." ''Clothing and Textiles Research Journal'' 16.4 (1998): 176-89</ref> Production of Fairtrade cotton was initiated in 2004 in four countries in West and [[Central Africa]] ([[Mali]], [[Senegal]], [[Cameroon]], and [[Burkina Faso]]).<ref>University of Greenwich and Institute of Development Studies, [https://www.nri.org/publications/thematic-papers/11-fairtrade-cotton-assessing-impact-in-mali-senegal-cameroon-and-india/file Fairtrade Cotton: Assessing Impact in Mali, Senegal, Cameroon and India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902194521/https://www.nri.org/publications/thematic-papers/11-fairtrade-cotton-assessing-impact-in-mali-senegal-cameroon-and-india/file |date=2021-09-02 }}, published May 2011, accessed 2 September 2021</ref> Textiles and clothing are exported from Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==== Labour ====
Labour is different for textile production than for agricultural commodities because textile production takes place in a factory, not on a farm. Children are a source of cheap labor, and [[child labor]] is prevalent in Pakistan, India, and Nepal. Fair trade cooperatives ensure fair and safe labor practices, and do not allow child labor.<ref name="Grimes, Kimberly M. 2000">Grimes, Kimberly M., and B. Lynne Milgram. ''Artisans and Cooperatives: Developing Alternative Trade for the Global Economy''. Tucson: University of Arizona, 2000.</ref> Fair trade textile producers are most often women in developing countries. They struggle to meet consumer tastes in North America and Europe. In Nepal, textiles were originally made for household and local use. In the 1990s, women began joining cooperatives and exporting their crafts for profit. Now{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} handicrafts are Nepal's largest export. It is often difficult for women to balance textile production, domestic responsibilities, and agricultural work. Cooperatives foster the growth of democratic communities in which women have a voice despite being historically in underprivileged positions.<ref name="Grimes, Kimberly M. 2000" /> For fair trade textiles and other crafts to be successful in Western markets, [[World Fair Trade Organization]]s require a {{clarify|text=flexible|date=March 2022}} workforce of artisans in need of stable income, links from consumers to artisans, and a market for quality ethnic products.<ref name="Littrell, M. A. 1998" />

Making cotton and textiles "fair trade" does not always benefit laborers. Burkina Faso and Mali export the largest amount of cotton in Africa. Although many cotton plantations in these countries attained fair trade certification in the 1990s, participation in fair trade strengthened existing power relations and inequalities that cause poverty in Africa rather than challenging them. Fair trade does not do much for farmers when it does not challenge the system that marginalizes producers. Despite not empowering farmers, the change to fair trade cotton has positive effects including female participation in cultivation.<ref name="Bassett, Thomas J 2010" />

Textiles and garments are intricate and require one individual {{clarify|text=operator|date=March 2022}}, in contrast to the collective farming of coffee and cocoa beans. Textiles are not a straightforward commodity because to be fairly traded, there must be regulation in cotton cultivation, dyeing, stitching, and every other step in the process of textile production.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Fair trade textiles are distinct from the sweat-free movement although the two movements intersect at the worker level.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

Forced or unfair labor in textile production is not limited to developing countries. Charges of use of [[sweatshop]] labor are endemic in the United States. Immigrant women work long hours and receive less than minimum wage. In the United States, there is more of a stigma against child labor than forced labor in general. Consumers in the United States are willing to suspend the importation of textiles made with child labor in other countries but do not expect American exports to be suspended by other countries, even when produced using [[forced labor]].<ref>Bhagwati, Jagdish. "Trade Liberalisation And 'Fair Trade' Demands: Addressing The Environmental And Labour Standards Issues." ''World Economy'' 18.6 (1995): 745-759</ref>

====Clothing and textile companies====
<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
The following companies use fair trade production and/or distribution techniques for clothing and textiles:
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[American Apparel]]<ref name="IGI Global 2016">{{cite book | title=Handbook of Research on Green Economic Development Initiatives and Strategies | publisher=IGI Global | series=Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-5225-0441-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFWiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA566 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=566}}</ref>
* [[Association for Craft Producers]]<ref name="ACP">{{cite web |title=ACP |url=http://acp.org.np/about/tbl_products#about-fair |website=Association for Craft Producers |publisher=ACP |access-date=May 23, 2018 |archive-date=May 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523173734/http://acp.org.np/about/tbl_products#about-fair |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Boll & Branch]]<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/business/with-organic-cotton-and-online-ads-boll-branch-helps-indian-farmers.html|title = With Organic Cotton and Online Ads, Boll & Branch Helps Indian Farmers|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 16 June 2016|last1 = Gelles|first1 = David|access-date = 5 November 2021|archive-date = 17 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161017054246/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/business/with-organic-cotton-and-online-ads-boll-branch-helps-indian-farmers.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[BeGood Clothing]]<ref name="IGI Global 2016"/><ref>{{cite web | title=The secrets of going sustainable: 'It's hard to go back to business as usual' | website=The Guardian | date=December 20, 2013 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/20/secrets-going-sustainable-business | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=May 19, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519023942/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/20/secrets-going-sustainable-business | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Champa Craft]]
* [[Cherie Amie]]<ref name="IGI Global 2016"/>
* [[The Ethical Olive]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theethicalolive.com/ |title=Ethical Olive – the Ethical Olive |website=www.theethicalolive.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825202848/https://www.theethicalolive.com/ |archive-date=25 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Maggie's Organics]]<ref name="IGI Global 2016"/>
* [[MUD Jeans]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Muthu | first=S.S. | title=Roadmap to Sustainable Textiles and Clothing: Environmental and Social Aspects of Textiles and Clothing Supply Chain | publisher=Springer Singapore | series=Textile Science and Clothing Technology | year=2014 | isbn=978-981-287-110-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_ssBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=224}}</ref>
* [[Patagonia (clothing)|Patagonia]]<ref>{{cite book | last1=Burns | first1=L.D. | last2=Mullet | first2=K.K. | last3=Bryant | first3=N.O. | title=The Business of Fashion: Designing, Manufacturing, and Marketing | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-5013-1521-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYLNDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=262}}</ref>
* [[Oliberté]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Black | first=K. | title=Magnifeco: Your Head-to-Toe Guide to Ethical Fashion and Non-toxic Beauty | publisher=New Society Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-55092-590-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1P54CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=172}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

=== Seafood ===
With increasing media scrutiny of the conditions of fishermen, particularly in Southeast Asia, the lack of transparency and traceability in the [[seafood]] industry prompted new fair trade efforts. In 2014, [[Fair Trade USA]] created its Capture Fisheries Program that led to the first instance of Fair Trade fish being sold globally in 2015. The program "requires fishermen to source and trade according to standards that protect fundamental human rights, prevent forced and child labor, establish safe working conditions, regulate work hours and benefits, and enable responsible resource management."<ref>{{cite web|title=Social Responsibility in the Global Seafood Industry|url=https://www.fishwise.org/images/white_papers/Social_Responsibility_in_the_Global_Seafood_Industry.pdf|website=FishWise|access-date=9 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810014804/https://www.fishwise.org/images/white_papers/Social_Responsibility_in_the_Global_Seafood_Industry.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Flowers===
Fair trade flowers have been recognised as "an important niche product", with Kenya noted as a significant location for their production.<ref>Rombach, M. ''et al.'', [https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/12133 The Ethically Conscious Flower Consumer: Understanding Fair Trade Cut Flower Purchase Behavior in Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331042405/https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/12133 |date=2023-03-31 }}, Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 12133; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112133, published 3 November 2021, accessed 31 March 2023</ref> The launch of fair trade flower marketing in the UK, led by retailer [[Tesco]], raised some certains as to whether the organisation of flower production in Kenya met the conditions needed for fair trade certification.<ref>Lawrence, F., [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2005/mar/05/ethicalliving.fairtrade Why I won't be giving my mother Fairtrade flowers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331042405/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2005/mar/05/ethicalliving.fairtrade |date=2023-03-31 }}, ''The Guardian'', published 5 March 2005, accessed 31 March 2023</ref>


=== Luxury commodities ===

There have been efforts to introduce fair trade practices to the [[luxury goods]] industry, particularly for gold and diamonds.

==== Diamonds and sourcing ====

In parallel to efforts to commoditize diamonds, some industry players launched campaigns to introduce benefits to mining centers in the developing world. Rapaport Fair Trade was established with the goal "to provide ethical education for jewelry suppliers, buyers, first time or seasoned diamond buyers, social activists, students, and anyone interested in jewelry, trends, and ethical luxury."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rapaportfairtrade.com/What-is-RapFT/About.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430112844/http://www.rapaportfairtrade.com/What-is-RapFT/About.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-04-30 |title=About Us |publisher=Rapaport Fair Trade |access-date=2013-05-01 }}</ref>

The company's founder, [[Martin Rapaport]], as well as [[Kimberley Process]] initiators Ian Smillie and [[Global Witness]], are among several industry insiders and observers who have called for greater checks and certification programs among other programs to ensure protection for miners and producers in developing countries. Smillie and Global Witness have since withdrawn support for the Kimberley Process. Other concerns in the diamond industry include working conditions in diamond cutting centers as well as the use of child labor. {{clarify|text=Both of these concerns come up when considering issues in Surat, India.|reason=unclear why this is relevant or what these "issues" are|date=March 2022}}<ref>[https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/01/02/rough_cut Rough Cut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129145513/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/01/02/rough_cut |date=2014-11-29 }} Foreign Policy, 2 Jan 2013</ref>

==== Gold ====
Fairtrade certified gold is used in manufacturing processes as well as for jewellery.<ref>Fairphone, [https://www.fairphone.com/en/2016/01/27/how-we-got-fairtrade-certified-gold-in-the-fairphone-2-supply-chain How we got Fairtrade certified gold in the Fairphone 2 supply chain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304150206/https://www.fairphone.com/en/2016/01/27/how-we-got-fairtrade-certified-gold-in-the-fairphone-2-supply-chain/ |date=2021-03-04 }}, published 27 January 2016, accessed 17 February 2021</ref> The ''Fairtrade Standard for Gold and Associated Precious Metals for Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining'' covers the requirements for gold products to identified as "Fairtrade". [[Silver]] and [[platinum]] are also Fairtrade precious metals.<ref>Fairtrade International, [https://files.fairtrade.net/standards/2015-04-15_EN_Gold-and-Precious_Metals.pdf ''Fairtrade Standard for Gold and Associated Precious Metals for Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414050249/https://files.fairtrade.net/standards/2015-04-15_EN_Gold-and-Precious_Metals.pdf |date=2021-04-14 }}, version 1.2 published 8 November 2013, accessed 10 May 2021</ref>

In February 2011, the United Kingdom's Fairtrade Foundation became the first NGO to begin certifying gold under the fair trade rubric.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shapingsustainablemarkets.iied.org/fairtrade-gold |title=Fairtrade Gold &#124; Shaping Sustainable Markets |publisher=Shapingsustainablemarkets.iied.org |access-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703201627/https://shapingsustainablemarkets.iied.org/fairtrade-gold |archive-date=2017-07-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Pornography or sex industry ===
Fair trade also influences the [[porn]] industry. Feminist writers and academics advocate a pornography industry with mutual consent and no exploiting labor conditions for actors and actresses.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/life/ethical-porn-474913| title=Ethical Porn: How to Watch It and Where to Find It| date=2017-02-27| access-date=2018-08-06| archive-date=2018-08-06| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806145451/https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/life/ethical-porn-474913| url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/ethical-porn/| title=The 8 best sites to watch ethical, fair trade porn| website=[[The Daily Dot]]| date=2017-12-16| access-date=2018-08-06| archive-date=2018-08-06| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806145504/https://www.dailydot.com/irl/ethical-porn/| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal|doi = 10.1080/23268743.2014.888251|title = Fair-trade porn + niche markets + feminist audience|journal = Porn Studies|volume = 1|issue = 1–2|pages = 189–192|year = 2014|last1 = Mondin|first1 = Alessandra}}
* {{Cite journal|doi = 10.1177/0966735010384332|title = Fair Trade Sex: Reflections on God, Sex, and Economics|journal = Feminist Theology|volume = 19|issue = 2|pages = 194–207|year = 2010|last1 = Cooper|first1 = Thia|s2cid = 144063686}}</ref>