Editing Elm (section)

=== In politics ===
The [[cutting of the elm]] was a diplomatic altercation between the kings of France and England in 1188, during which an elm tree near Gisors in Normandy was felled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crystalinks.com/prioryofsion.html|title=Priory of Sion|website=Crystalinks|access-date=March 15, 2020}}</ref>

In politics, the elm is associated with revolutions. In England after the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688, the final victory of parliamentarians over monarchists, and the arrival from Holland, with [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]], of the [[Ulmus 'Major'|Dutch elm]] hybrid, planting of this cultivar became a fashion among enthusiasts of the new political order.<ref name=Rackham1976>Rackham, O. (1976). ''Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape'' J. M. Dent, London.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Armstrong | first1 = J. V. | last2 = Sell | first2 = P. D. | year = 1996 | title = A revision of the British elms (''Ulmus'' L., Ulmaceae): the historical background | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 120 | pages = 39–50 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1996.tb00478.x | url = https://geoscience.net/ftxt.php?pdf=002742058 | access-date = 26 October 2017 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171026105217/https://geoscience.net/ftxt.php?pdf=002742058 | archive-date = 26 October 2017 | df = dmy-all | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
In the [[American Revolution]], the [[Liberty Tree]] was an American white elm in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, in front of which, from 1765, the first resistance meetings were held against British attempts to tax the American colonists without democratic representation. When the British, knowing that the tree was a symbol of rebellion, felled it in 1775, the Americans took to widespread Liberty Elm planting, and sewed elm symbols on to their revolutionary flags.<ref name="Richens, Elm Cambridge, 1983">Richens, ''Elm'' (Cambridge, 1983)</ref><ref>elmcare.com/about_elms/history/liberty_elm_boston.htm</ref> Elm planting by American Presidents later became something of a tradition.

In the [[French Revolution]], too, ''Les arbres de la liberté'' (Liberty Trees), often elms, were planted as symbols of revolutionary hopes, the first in [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]], Isère, in 1790, by a priest inspired by the Boston elm.<ref name="Richens, Elm Cambridge, 1983"/> ''L'Orme de La Madeleine'' (:the Elm of La Madeleine), Faycelles, Département de Lot, planted around 1790 and surviving to this day, was a case in point.<ref>[http://www.giuseppemusolino.it/?p=232 L'Orme de La Madeleine, giuseppemusolino.it] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226200846/http://www.giuseppemusolino.it/?p=232 |date=26 February 2014 }}</ref> By contrast, a famous Parisian elm associated with the ''Ancien Régime'', ''L'Orme de Saint-Gervais'' in the [[St-Gervais-et-St-Protais|Place St-Gervais]], was ''felled'' by the revolutionaries; church authorities planted a new elm in its place in 1846, and an early 20th-century elm stands on the site today.<ref name="paris.fr">[http://www.paris.fr/pratique/vegetation/arbres/mais-qu-est-ce-qu-il-a-cet-orme/rub_8350_stand_99131_port_19379 ''L'Orme de St-Gervais: biographie d'un arbre'', www.paris.fr] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906202808/http://www.paris.fr/pratique/vegetation/arbres/mais-qu-est-ce-qu-il-a-cet-orme/rub_8350_stand_99131_port_19379 |date=6 September 2013 }}</ref> Premier [[Lionel Jospin]], obliged by tradition to plant a tree in the garden of the [[Hôtel Matignon]], the official residence and workplace of Prime Ministers of France, insisted on planting an elm, so-called 'tree of the Left', choosing the new disease-resistant hybrid 'Clone 762' ([[Ulmus 'Wanoux' = Vada|''Ulmus'' 'Wanoux' = {{tdes|Vada|caps}}]]).<ref>''Ulmus'' 'Wanoux' (Vada)) freeimagefinder.com/detail/6945514690.html</ref> In the [[French Republican Calendar]], in use from 1792 to 1806, the 12th day of the month [[Ventôse]] (= 2 March) was officially named "jour de l'Orme", Day of the Elm.

Liberty Elms were also planted in other countries in Europe to celebrate their revolutions, an example being ''L'Olmo di Montepaone, L'Albero della Libertà'' (:the Elm of Montepaone, Liberty Tree) in [[Montepaone]], [[Calabria]], planted in 1799 to commemorate the founding of the democratic [[Parthenopean Republic]], and surviving until it was brought down by a recent storm (it has since been cloned and 'replanted').<ref>[http://www.calabriaonline.com/specialecol/rubriche/storia_e_curiosita/olmo_di_montepaone.php calabriaonline.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530133041/http://www.calabriaonline.com/specialecol/rubriche/storia_e_curiosita/olmo_di_montepaone.php |date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> After the [[Greek Revolution]] of 1821–32, a thousand young elms were brought to Athens from [[Missolonghi]], "Sacred City of the Struggle" against the Turks and scene of [[Lord Byron]]'s death, and planted in 1839–40 in the National Garden.<ref>''Ο μοναδικός Εθνικός μας Κήπος'', paidevo.gr/teachers/?p=859</ref><ref>Νίκος Μπελαβίλας, ΜΥΘΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΟ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟ
ΠΑΡΚΟ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ, courses.arch.ntua.gr/fsr/112047/Nikos_Belavilas-Mythoi_kai_Pragmatikotites</ref> In an ironic development, feral elms have spread and invaded the grounds of the abandoned Greek royal summer palace at [[Tatoi]] in [[Attica]].

In a chance event linking elms and revolution, on the morning of his execution (30 January 1649), walking to the scaffold at the [[Palace of Whitehall]], [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] turned to his guards and pointed out, with evident emotion, an elm near the entrance to [[Spring Gardens]] that had been planted by his [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|brother]] in happier days. The tree was said to be still standing in the 1860s.<ref>[[Elizabeth and Mary Kirby]], ''Talks about Trees: a popular account of their nature and uses'', 3rd edn., p.97-98 (1st edn. titled ''Chapters on Trees: a popular account of their nature and uses'', London, 1873)</ref>

<gallery>
File:LibertyTreePlanting.jpg|Planting a Liberty Tree (''un arbre de la liberté'') during the [[French Revolution]]. [[Jean-Baptiste Lesueur (painter)|Jean-Baptiste Lesueur]], 1790
File:Balcony St-Gervais.jpg|Balcony with elm symbol, overlooking the [[St-Gervais-et-St-Protais|'Crossroads of the Elm']], Place Saint-Gervais, Paris<ref name="paris.fr"/>
File:President George W. Bush and Laura Bush take part in the planting of three elm trees.jpg|President George W. Bush and Laura Bush planting a disease-resistant [[Ulmus americana 'Jefferson'|'Jefferson' Elm]] before the White House, 2006
File:TATOI PALACE.JPG|Elm suckers spreading before the abandoned summer royal palace in Tatoi, Greece, Μarch 2008
</gallery>