Editing Edward II of England (section)

==Legacy==
===Historiography===
[[File:Oriel College Charter.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph of medieval charter|[[Oriel College]]'s 1326 charter from Edward]]

No chronicler for this period is entirely trustworthy or unbiased, often because their accounts were written to support a particular cause, but it is clear that most contemporary chroniclers were highly critical of Edward.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chaplais|1994|p=5}}; {{Harvnb|Haines|2003|pp=36–39}}; {{Harvnb|Phillips|2011|p=9}}.</ref> The ''[[Polychronicon]]'', ''[[Vita Edwardi Secundi]]'', ''Vita et Mors Edwardi Secundi'' and the ''Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvon'' for example all condemned the king's personality, habits and choice of companions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=9–14}}.</ref> Other records from his reign show criticism by his contemporaries, including the Church and members of his own household.<ref>{{Harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=15–17}}.</ref> [[Political song]]s were written about him, complaining about his failure in war and his oppressive government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=17–19}}.</ref> Later in the 14th century, some chroniclers, such as Geoffrey le Baker and [[Thomas Ringstead]], rehabilitated Edward, presenting him as a martyr and a potential saint, although this tradition died out in later years.<ref>{{Harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=22–23}}.</ref>

Historians in the 16th and 17th centuries focused on Edward's relationship with Gaveston, drawing comparisons between Edward's reign and the events surrounding the relationship of [[Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, Duke of Épernon]], and [[Henry&nbsp;III of France]], and between [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], and [[Charles I of England]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=24–25}}.</ref> In the first half of the 19th century, popular historians such as [[Charles Dickens]] and [[Charles Knight (publisher)|Charles Knight]] popularised Edward's life with the [[Victorian era|Victorian public]], focusing on the king's relationship with his favourites and, increasingly, alluding to his possible homosexuality.<ref>{{Harvnb|Horne|1999|pp=34–35}}.</ref> From the 1870s onwards, however, open academic discussion of Edward's sexuality was circumscribed by changing English values. By the start of the 20th century, English schools were being advised by the government to avoid overt discussion of Edward's personal relationships in history lessons.<ref>{{Harvnb|Horne|1999|pp=32, 40–41}}.</ref> Views on his sexuality have continued to develop over the years.{{Sfn|Prestwich|2003|p=72}}

By the end of the 19th century, more administrative records from the period had become available to historians such as [[William Stubbs]], [[Thomas Tout]] and J. C. Davies, who focused on the development of the English constitutional and governmental system during his reign.<ref name="WaughPhillipsP241">{{Harvnb|Waugh|1991|p=241}}; {{Harvnb|Phillips|2011|p=29}}.</ref> Although critical of what they regarded as Edward&nbsp;II's inadequacies as a king, they also emphasised the growth of the role of parliament and the reduction in personal royal authority under Edward, which they perceived as positive developments.<ref>{{Harvnb|Phillips|2011|p=29}}; {{Harvnb|Haines|2003|pp=35–36}}.</ref> During the 1970s the historiography of Edward's reign shifted away from this model, supported by the further publishing of records from the period in the last quarter of the 20th century.<ref name=WaughPhillipsP241/> The work of Jeffrey Denton, Jeffrey Hamilton, [[John Maddicott]] and [[Seymour Phillips]] re-focused attention on the role of the individual leaders in the conflicts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Waugh|1991|p=241}}; {{Harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=29–30}}.</ref> With the exceptions of Hilda Johnstone's work on Edward's early years and [[Natalie Fryde]]'s study of Edward's final years, the focus of the major historical studies for several years was on the leading magnates rather than Edward himself, until substantial biographies of the king were published by Roy Haines and Seymour Phillips in 2003 and 2011.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamilton|2006|p=5}}; {{Harvnb|Alexander|1985|p=103}}; {{Harvnb|Waugh|1991|p=241}}; {{Harvnb|Schofield|2005|p=1295}}; {{Cite web |last=Given-Wilson |first=Chris |date=9 July 2010 |title=Holy Fool |url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/reviews/history/article750300.ece |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=Times Literary Supplement |mode=cs2}}.</ref>

===Cultural references===
{{Main article|Cultural depictions of Edward II of England}}
[[File:Edwardiiquarto.gif|thumb|upright|alt=photograph of first page of the Edward II play|Title page of the earliest published text of ''[[Edward II (play)|Edward&nbsp;II]]'' (1594)]]

Several plays have shaped Edward's contemporary image.<ref name="Burgtorf2008P31">{{Harvnb|Burgtorf|2008|p=31}}.</ref> [[Christopher Marlowe]]'s play ''[[Edward II (play)|Edward&nbsp;II]]'' was first performed around 1592 and focuses on Edward's relationship with Piers Gaveston, reflecting 16th-century concerns about the relationships between monarchs and their favourites.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2006|p=206}}; {{Harvnb|Martin|2010|pp=19–20}}.</ref> Marlowe presents Edward's death as a murder, drawing parallels between the killing and martyrdom; although Marlowe does not describe the actual nature of Edward's murder in the script, it has usually been performed following the tradition that Edward was killed with a red-hot poker.<ref>{{Harvnb|Martin|2010|pp=19–20}}.</ref> The character of Edward in the play, who has been likened to Marlowe's contemporaries [[James&nbsp;VI of Scotland]] and Henry&nbsp;III of France, may have influenced [[William Shakespeare]]'s [[Richard II (play)|portrayal of Richard&nbsp;II]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Logan|2007|pp=83–84}}; {{Harvnb|Perry|2000|pp=1055–1056, 1062–1063}}.</ref> In the 17th century, the playwright [[Ben Jonson]] picked up the same theme for his unfinished work, ''[[Mortimer His Fall]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2006|p=206}}.</ref>

The filmmaker [[Derek Jarman]] adapted the Marlowe play into a [[Edward II (film)|film]] in 1991, creating a [[postmodern]] [[pastiche]] of the original, depicting Edward as a strong, explicitly homosexual leader, ultimately overcome by powerful enemies.<ref>{{Harvnb|Burgtorf|2008|p=31}}; {{Harvnb|Prasch|1993|p=1165}}.</ref> In Jarman's version, Edward finally escapes captivity, following the tradition in the Fieschi letter.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prasch|1993|pp=1165–1166}}.</ref> Edward's current popular image was also shaped by his contrasting appearance in [[Mel Gibson]]'s 1995 film ''[[Braveheart]]'', where he is portrayed as weak and implicitly homosexual, wearing silk clothes and heavy makeup, shunning the company of women and incapable of dealing militarily with the Scots.<ref>{{Harvnb|Brintnell|2011|pp=40–41}}; {{Harvnb|Burgtorf|2008|p=31}}; {{Harvnb|Phillips|2011|p=31}}.</ref> The film received extensive criticism, both for its historical inaccuracies and for its negative portrayal of homosexuality.<ref>{{Harvnb|Aberth|2003|pp=303–304}}.</ref>
[[File:Edward II & Gaveston by Marcus Stone.jpg|thumb|upright=1.59|An 1872 painting by English artist [[Marcus Stone]] shows Edward&nbsp;II cavorting with Gaveston at left, while nobles and courtiers look on with concern.]]

Edward's life has also been used in a wide variety of other media. In the Victorian era, the painting ''Edward&nbsp;II and Piers Gaveston'' by [[Marcus Stone]] strongly hinted at a homosexual relationship between the pair, while avoiding making this aspect explicit. It was initially shown at the [[Royal Academy]] in 1872 but was marginalised in later decades as the issue of homosexuality became more sensitive.<ref>{{Harvnb|Horne|1999|pp=31, 40, 42}}.</ref> More recently, the director [[David Bintley]] used Marlowe's play as the basis for the ballet ''[[Edward II (ballet)|Edward&nbsp;II]]'', first performed in 1995; the music from the ballet forms a part of composer [[John McCabe (composer)|John McCabe]]'s symphony ''Edward&nbsp;II'', produced in 2000.<ref name=Burgtorf2008P31/> Novels such as John Penford's 1984 ''The Gascon'' and Chris Hunt's 1992 ''Gaveston'' have focused on the sexual aspects of Edward and Gaveston's relationship, while [[Stephanie Merritt]]'s 2002 ''Gaveston'' transports the story into the 20th century.<ref name=Burgtorf2008P31/>