Editing Demographics of Mexico (section)

===White Mexicans===
{{main|White Mexicans}}
[[File:Retrato de familia Fagoaga Arozqueta - Anónimo ca.1730.jpg|thumb|An 18th-century portrait of the Fagoaga Arozqueta family, an upper-class family of [[Basque people|Basque]] descent from Mexico City.]]

White Mexicans are [[Mexicans]] of total or predominantly [[Europe|European]] or [[West Asia|West Asian]] ancestry.<ref name="nacionmulticultural.unam.mx">[http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html en el año de 1808 aproximadamente el 60% de la población de lo que sería México pertenecía a la categoría étnica de indígena, el 18% eran europeos o de origen europeo (de los cuales la inmensa mayoría eran criollos nacidos en México)] {{webarchive| url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |date=August 23, 2013 }}.</ref> Spaniards and other Europeans began arriving in Mexico during the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]] and continued immigrating to the country during colonial and independent Mexico. According to 20th- and 21st-century academics, large scale intermixing between the [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European immigrants]] and the native [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Indigenous peoples]] would produce a Mestizo group which would become the overwhelming majority of Mexico's population by the time of the [[Mexican Revolution]].<ref name="fnavarrete">{{cite web |url= http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-date= August 23, 2013 |title=El mestizaje y las culturas |first=Federico |last=Navarrete |work=México Multicultural |publisher=[[UNAM]] |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Mixed race and cultures |access-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref> However, according to church registers from the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|colonial times]], the majority of Spanish men married with Spanish women. Said registers also put in question other narratives held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants who arrived to Mexico being almost exclusively men or that "pure Spanish" people were all part of a small powerful elite as Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities<ref name="EnsayospoblaciónMéxico">{{cite book|author1=Sherburne Friend Cook|author2=Woodrow Borah|title=Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223|access-date=September 12, 2017|date=1998|publisher=Siglo XXI|isbn=9789682301063|page=223|archive-date=September 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200437/https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Hardin |first1=Monica Leagans |title=Household and Family in Guadalajara, Mexico, 1811 1842: The Process of Short Term Mobility and Persistence |year=2006 |url=http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd-4271 |page=62 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206200746/http://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:182427 |url-status=live }}</ref> as there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of complete Spanish origin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=San Miguel |first1=G. |title=Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792 |trans-title=To be 'mestizo' in New Spain at the end of the XVIIIth century. Acatzingo, 1792 |language=es |journal=Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy |date=November 2000 |issue=13 |pages=325–342 |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-81042000000100018 |access-date=September 26, 2018 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023172608/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-81042000000100018 |url-status=live }}</ref> This ethnic group contrasts with the Afro-Mexican and Indigenous Mexican groups in the fact that phenotype (hair color, skin color etc.) is often used as the main criterion to delineate it.<ref name=huffpost>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/ "Por estas razones el color de piel determina las oportunidades de los mexicanos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622011146/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/ |date=June 22, 2018 }}, ''Huffington post'', July 26, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018.</ref><ref name=Universal>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/nacion/sociedad/2017/06/16/presenta-inegi-estudio-que-relaciona-color-de-piel-con "Presenta INEGI estudio que relaciona color de piel con oportunidades"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501102534/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/nacion/sociedad/2017/06/16/presenta-inegi-estudio-que-relaciona-color-de-piel-con |date=May 1, 2018 }}, ''El Universal'', June 16, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018.</ref><ref name="nacionmulticultural.unam.mx"/>

[[File:Ricardo Peralta (NASA photo).jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Ricardo Peralta y Fabi]] mechanical engineer and former astronaut trainee.]]

Estimates of Mexico's white population differ greatly in both, methodology and percentages given, extra-official sources such as [[The World Factbook]] or Latinobarómetro which use the 1921 census results as the base of their estimations calculate this population as only 10%,<ref name=CIA-Factbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/|title=The World Factbook: North America: Mexico: People and Society|publisher=The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|quote=mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European)|access-date=August 23, 2017|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latinobarometro |url=https://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.latinobarometro.org}}</ref> the results of the 1921 census however, have been contested by various historians and are deemed inaccurate nowadays.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Federico |last1=Navarrete|title=Mexico Racista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=23 February 2018|date=2016|publisher=Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Mexico|isbn=9786073143646|page=86|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200437/https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>  Field surveys that use the presence of blond hair as reference to classify a Mexican as white such as one by the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana|Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico]] calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortiz-Hernández |first1=Luis |last2=Compeán-Dardón |first2=Sandra |last3=Verde-Flota |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Flores-Martínez |first4=Maricela Nanet |title=Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City |journal=Salud Pública de México |date=April 2011 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1590/S0036-36342011000200005 |pmid=21537803 |doi-access=free }}</ref> with a similar methodology, the [[American Sociological Association]] obtained a percentage of 18.8%, having its higher frequency on the North region (22.3%–23.9%) followed by the Center region (18.4%–21.3%) and the South region (11.9%).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villarreal |first1=Andrés |title=Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico |journal=American Sociological Review |year=2010 |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=652–678 |doi=10.1177/0003122410378232 |jstor=20799484 |s2cid=145295212 }}</ref> Another study made by the [[University College London]] in collaboration with Mexico's [[Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia|National Institute of Anthropology and History]] found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18% and 28% respectively,<ref name="Ruiz-Linares et al, 2014"/> surveys that use as reference skin color such as those made by Mexico's [[National Council to Prevent Discrimination]] and the [[National Institute of Statistics and Geography]] reporting results that estimate them at about one-third of the country's population.<ref name=ENADIS2017-1>{{cite web |url=http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/doc/OtrosDocumentos/Doc_2018_061.pdf |title=Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación 2017 |work=CNDH |date=6 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235454/http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/doc/OtrosDocumentos/Doc_2018_061.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf|title=21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial|trans-title=21 March: International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|language=es|publisher=[[National Council to Prevent Discrimination|CONAPRED]]|location=Mexico|page=7|date=2017|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525133622/http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="conapred.org.mx">{{cite web |title=Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico |work=CONAPRED |place=Mexico |date=June 2011 |url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/userfiles/files/Enadis-2010-RG-Accss-002.pdf |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108095738/http://www.conapred.org.mx/userfiles/files/Enadis-2010-RG-Accss-002.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DISC-RACIAL 2011">{{cite web |title=Documento Informativo Sobre Discriminación Racial en México |url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/Dossier%20DISC-RACIAL.pdf |work=CONAPRED |place=Mexico |date=21 March 2011 |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525133620/http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/Dossier%20DISC-RACIAL.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MMSI2">{{cite web |title=Visión INEGI 2021 Julio Santaella Castell |url=http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y |work=INEGI |date=3 July 2017 |access-date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121234012/http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}</ref>

A study performed in hospitals of Mexico City suggests that socioeconomic factors influence the frequency of [[Mongolian spot]]s among newborns, as evidenced by the higher prevalence of 85% in newborns from a public institution, typically associated with lower socioeconomic status, compared to a 33% prevalence in newborns from private hospitals, which generally cater to families with higher socioeconomic status.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Magaña |first1=Mario |last2=Valerio |first2=Julia |last3=Mateo |first3=Adriana |last4=Magaña-Lozano |first4=Mario |title=Alteraciones cutáneas del neonato en dos grupos de población de México |trans-title=Skin lesions two cohorts of newborns in Mexico City |language=es |journal=Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México |date=April 2005 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=117–122 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462005000200005 |access-date=March 13, 2019 |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630042947/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462005000200005 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mongolian spot appears with a very high frequency (85–95%) in Asian, Native American, and African children.<ref>{{cite book|page=90| edition=3, illustrated|year=1999|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins| author=Miller| title=Nursing Care of Older Adults: Theory and Practice| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ3pBEh1osMC&q=ines+mongolian+spot|isbn=978-0781720762}}</ref> The skin lesion reportedly almost always appears on South American<ref name="med">{{EMedicine| article| 1068732|Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis (Mongolian Spot)}}</ref> and Mexican children who are racially [[Mestizo]]s,<ref>{{cite book|page=197|year=2012|access-date=May 17, 2014| publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|editor1=Lawrence C. Parish|editor2=Larry E. Millikan| others=M. Amer, R.A.C. Graham-Brown, S.N. Klaus, J.L. Pace|title=Global Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management According to Geography, Climate, and Culture| url=https://books.google.com/books?jid=2JXwBwAAQBAJ&q=spanish+mongolian+spot&pg=PA197|isbn=978-1461226147}}</ref> while having a very low frequency (5–10%) in Caucasian children.<ref name="tokyo">{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|title=About Mongolian Spot|work=tokyo-med.ac.jp|access-date=October 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208184218/http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|archive-date=December 8, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[Mexican Social Security Institute]] (shortened as IMSS) nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the Mongolian spot.<ref>[http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/822893.html "Tienen manchas mongólicas 50% de bebés"] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601130338/https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/822893.html |date=June 1, 2020 }}, ''El Universal'', January 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2017.</ref>

[[File:DeniseDresserG.JPG|thumb|left|175px|[[Denise Dresser]] is a prominent Mexican political scientist, author, and commentator.]]

Mexico's northern and western regions have the highest percentages of [[White people|white]] population, with the majority of the people not having native admixture or being of predominantly European ancestry.<ref name="UnitedStatesandMexico">{{cite book|author1=Howard F. Cline|title=THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybZVAAAAMAAJ&q=well+built|access-date=May 18, 2017|date=1963|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=9780674497061|page=104|archive-date=May 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527215846/https://books.google.com/books?id=ybZVAAAAMAAJ&q=well+built|url-status=live}}</ref> In the north and west of Mexico the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller and unlike those found in central and southern Mexico they were mostly nomadic, therefore remaining isolated from colonial population centers, with hostilities between them and Mexican colonists often taking place.<ref name="MesoZac">[https://www.mesoweb.com/es/articulos/sub/Zacatecas.pdf "Nómadas y sedentarios, El pasado prehispánico de Zacatecas"], ''Mesoweb'', Mexico, page 10, retrieved on July 7, 2024.</ref> This eventually led the northeast region of the country to become the region with the highest proportion of whites during the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|Spanish colonial period]] albeit recent migration waves have been changing its demographic trends.<ref name="Transición">[https://paradigmaeconomico.uaemex.mx/article/download/22617/16871/ "Transición migratoria y demográfica de México. Nuevos patrones"], page 17, retrieved on September 12, 2024.</ref>

[[File:Mennonite Family - Campeche - Mexico - 02.jpg|thumb|A [[Mennonite]] family in Campeche.]]
While the majority of European immigration to Mexico has been Spanish with the first wave starting with the colonization of America and the last one being a consequence of the [[Spanish Civil War]] of 1937,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyenespanol.com/espanol/tdih.jsp?day=15329380&month=15329369|title=History TV Schedule – History|website=Historyenespanol.com|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=March 15, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315033101/http://www.historyenespanol.com/espanol/tdih.jsp?day=15329380&month=15329369|url-status=live}}</ref> immigrants from other European countries have arrived to Mexico as well. During the [[Second Mexican Empire]], the immigration was mostly French. Then, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, spurred by government policies of [[Porfirio Díaz]], migrants came mainly from Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, taking advantage of the liberal policies then valid in Mexico, and went into merchant, industrial and educational ventures while others arrived with no or limited capital, as employees or farmers.<ref name="DuránMerk2012">{{cite conference |last1=Durán-Merk |first1=Alma J. |date=July 2012 |title=European migrants as 'ambassadors of modernization'? The case of the Germans in Yucatán during the henequen boom |conference=54th International Congress of Americanists |url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/2545 |access-date=April 2, 2021 |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200444/https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/2545 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most settled in Mexico City, Veracruz, Yucatán, and [[Puebla]]. Significant numbers of German immigrants also arrived during and after the First and Second World Wars.<ref name="Palma Mora 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Palma Mora |first1=Mónica |title=Asociaciones de inmigrantes extranjeros en la ciudad de México: Una mirada a fines del siglo XX |trans-title=Associations of foreign immigrants in Mexico City: A look at the end of the 20th century |language=es |journal=Migraciones Internacionales |date=December 2005 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=29–57 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1665-89062005000200002 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206192159/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1665-89062005000200002 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="religiosa">{{cite journal |last1=Enciso |first1=Fernando S. Alanís |title=Los extranjeros en México, la inmigración y el gobierno: ¿tolerncia o intolerancia religiosa?, 1821–1830 |trans-title=Foreigners in Mexico, immigration, and the government: religious tolerance or intolerance?, 1821–1830 |language=es |journal=Historia Mexicana |year=1996 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=539–566 |jstor=25139003 }}</ref> Additionally, small numbers of White Americans, Croats, Greeks, Poles, Romanians, Russians, and [[Ashkenazi Jews]] came.<ref name="religiosa" /> The European Jewish immigrants joined the [[Sephardic]] community that lived in Mexico since colonial times, though many lived as [[Crypto-Judaism|Crypto-Jews]], mostly in the northern states of [[Nuevo León]] and [[Tamaulipas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gitlitz |first1=David |title=Nexos entre los cripto-judíos coloniales y contemporáneos |trans-title=Nexus between colonial and contemporary crypto-Jews |language=es |journal=Revista de humanidades: Tecnológico de Monterrey |volume=5 |year=1998 |pages=187–212 }}</ref> Some communities of European immigrants have remained isolated from the rest of the general population since their arrival, among them the German-speaking [[Russian Mennonite|Mennonites from Russia]] of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] and [[Durango]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.purochihuahua.com/menonitas.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606191931/http://www.purochihuahua.com/menonitas.html |archive-date=June 6, 2004 |title=Los Menones de Chihuahua |website=Puro Chihuahua |language=es}}</ref> and the [[Veneto]]s of [[Chipilo]], Puebla<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] for further guidance -->, which have retained their original languages.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html|title=El dialecto veneto de Chipilo |first=Eduardo|last=Montagner|website=Orbilat.com|access-date=April 3, 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606110821/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html |archive-date=June 6, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>