Editing Consciousness (section)

===In children===
{{See also|Theory of mind}}

Of the eight types of consciousness in the Lycan classification, some are detectable in utero and others develop years after birth. Psychologist and educator William Foulkes studied children's dreams and concluded that prior to the shift in cognitive maturation that humans experience during ages five to seven,<ref>{{cite book|editor1=[[Arnold J. Sameroff]]|editor2=Marshall M. Haith|date=1996|title=The Five to Seven Year Shift: The Age of Reason and Responsibility|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> children lack the Lockean consciousness that Lycan had labeled "introspective consciousness" and that Foulkes labels "self-reflection".<ref>{{cite book|last=Foulkes|first=David|date=1999|title=Children's Dreaming and the Development of Consciousness|page=13|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|quote= In defining 'consciousness' as a self-reflective act, psychology loses much of the glamour and mystery of other areas of consciousness-study, but it also can proceed on a workaday basis without becoming paralyzed in pure abstraction.}}</ref> In a 2020 paper, [[Katherine Nelson]] and [[Robyn Fivush]] use "autobiographical consciousness" to label essentially the same faculty, and agree with Foulkes on the timing of this faculty's acquisition. Nelson and Fivush contend that "language is the tool by which humans create a new, uniquely human form of consciousness, namely, autobiographical consciousness".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Katherine|last2=Fivush|first2=Robin|title=The Development of Autobiographical Memory, Autobiographical Narratives, and Autobiographical Consciousness|journal=Psychological Reports|year=2020|volume=123|issue=1|page=74|doi=10.1177/0033294119852574|pmid=31142189|s2cid=169038149|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Julian Jaynes]] had staked out these positions decades earlier.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaynes|first=Julian|title=The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|orig-year=1976| year=2000|page=447|quote=''Consciousness is based on language''.... Consciousness is not the same as cognition and should be sharply distinguished from it.|isbn=0-618-05707-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jaynes|first=Julian|title=The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|orig-year=1976| year=2000|page=450|quote=The basic connotative definition of consciousness is thus an analog 'I' narratizing in a functional mind-space. The denotative definition is, as it was for Descartes, Locke, and Hume, what is introspectable.|isbn=0-618-05707-2}}</ref> Citing the developmental steps that lead the infant to autobiographical consciousness, Nelson and Fivush point to the acquisition of "[[theory of mind]]", calling theory of mind "necessary for autobiographical consciousness" and defining it as "understanding differences between one's own mind and others' minds in terms of beliefs, desires, emotions and thoughts". They write, "The hallmark of theory of mind, the understanding of false belief, occurs ... at five to six years of age".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Katherine|last2=Fivush|first2=Robin|title=The Development of Autobiographical Memory, Autobiographical Narratives, and Autobiographical Consciousness|journal=Psychological Reports|year=2020|volume=123|issue=1|pages=80–83|doi=10.1177/0033294119852574|pmid=31142189|s2cid=169038149|doi-access=free}}</ref>