Editing Chinese Americans (section)

==== Self-employment and entrepreneurship ====
Chinese Americans are also noted for their high rates of self-employment, as they have an extensive history of starting and owning their own businesses through various means of self-employment dating back to the [[California Gold Rush]] in the 1880s.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xp4qZta2GYC&q=Chinese+American+self-employment+rate&pg=PA162 |title=Contemporary Asian American Communities: Intersections And Divergences – Linda Trinh Vő, Rick Bonus |access-date=28 May 2012 |isbn=978-1-4399-0124-3 |year=2009 |last1=Võ |first1=Linda Trinh |last2=Bonus |first2=Rick |publisher=Temple University Press |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125502/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xp4qZta2GYC&q=Chinese+American+self-employment+rate&pg=PA162 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, as more recent generations of Chinese Americans who have chose to seek higher education as another gateway to elevate themselves socioeconomically, rates of self-employment have been generally lower than population average.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=447 | title=The Second Generation and Self-Employment | publisher=Migration Policy Institute | date=October 2006 | access-date=28 May 2012 | first=Steven J. |last=Gold | archive-date=21 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621020542/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=447 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, there were over 109,614 Chinese-owned employer firms, employing more than 780,000 workers, and generating more than $128 billion in revenue.<ref name="Survey of Business Owners">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/econ/sbo/get07sof.html|title=Survey of Business Owners |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107231339/http://www.census.gov/econ/sbo/get07sof.html?16 |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref>

When Chinese Americans were largely excluded from the American labour markets during the 19th century, many of them started their own businesses.<ref name="Mother Jones, the Changing Power Elite, 1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/1998/03/zweigenhaft.html|title=Mother Jones, the Changing Power Elite, 1998|accessdate=January 20, 2007}}</ref> The community is also noted for their high rates of self-employment, as Chinese Americans have an extensive history of starting and owning their own businesses through various means of self-employment dating back to the [[California Gold Rush]] in the 1880s.<ref name="auto" /> In 2007, there were over 109,614 Chinese-owned employer firms, employing more than 780,000 workers, and generating more than $128 billion in revenue.<ref name="Survey of Business Owners" /> Restaurants has continued and still remain among the most common business establishment started by Chinese Americans as [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese food]] remains a staple composition in contemporary Chinese American culture. Fast casual restaurant establishments such as [[Manchu Wok]], [[Panda Express]], and [[Pick Up Stix]] were founded by Chinese Americans. [[Panda Express]] is a famous fast casual restaurant chain serving [[Chinese American cuisine|American Chinese cuisine in the United States]] founded by restaurateur [[Andrew Cherng]] and is one of the biggest Chinese American fast food establishments in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hirsch|first=Jerry|title=Profile {{!}} Andrew Cherng, Panda Express founder|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2008149147_panda31.html|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Chinese cuisine-style restaurants account for one third of all the ethnic restaurants in the United States, with a glut of them concentrated in New York City alone, where many Chinese emigrants have also opened up restaurants serving non-Chinese culinary offerings such as taco stands and sushi bars.<ref name="factsanddetails1">{{cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=191&catid=5&subcatid=29 |title=Chinese Abroad: Fujians In The U.S. And Southeast Asia, Wenzhou People In Italy - China |publisher=Facts and Details |date= |accessdate=2012-04-23}}</ref> Chinese Americans run many of the laundries in New York metropolitan area.<ref name="factsanddetails1" /> Beyond the restaurant industry, Chinese Americans have also owned convenience and grocery stores, professional offices such as medical and law practices, laundromats, beauty parlours, and hair salons to establishing numerous and influential Silicon Valley high-technology companies that have become very successful and influential in the American economy. Several influential Chinese American businessmen such as the transplant surgeon [[Patrick Soon-Shiong]], computer hardware engineer [[Ming Hsieh]], and internet entrepreneur [[Jerry Yang (entrepreneur)|Jerry Yang]] have become billionaires in the process and have regularly topped the [[Forbes 400]]'s list of richest Americans in the past.<ref name="Awards" /> However, more recent generations of Chinese Americans who possess the academic qualifications to enter university have chosen to seek to enter the realm of American higher education as another gateway to elevate themselves socioeconomically, rates of self-employment have been generally lower than population average in contemporary America.<ref name="auto1" /> Despite the community's above-average academic performance and possession of sterling educational credentials, Chinese Americans still continue face [[Bamboo ceiling|barriers]] when advancing up the corporate ladder - particularly at American [[Fortune 500]] corporations - due to the prevailing stereotypes of Chinese and other East Asian Americans as possessing quiet and passive personalities, traits that do not necessarily translate well when they enter the suites of corporate America as they perceived to lack rudimentary interpersonal skills, leadership qualities, and English language competency. Nonetheless, the number of Asian Americans on the boards of 750 publicly held American companies increased from 15 to 26 from 1992 to 1995, where among the Asian Americans that rose to the top of the corporate boards were either Chinese or Japanese Americans.<ref name="Mother Jones, the Changing Power Elite, 1998" />

Among Chinese-owned American firms, 40% were in the professional, scientific, and technical services sector, the accommodation and food services sector, and the repair, maintenance, personal, and laundry services sector. Chinese-owned U.S. firms were 2% of all U.S. businesses in these sectors. Wholesale trade and accommodation and food services accounted for 50.4% of Chinese-owned business revenue. 66,505 or 15.7% of Chinese-owned firms had receipts of $250,000 or more compared with 2% for all U.S. businesses.<ref name="Survey of Business Owners" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/econ/sbo/07/final/charts/asian_chart3.pdf |title=Chinese-Owned Firms |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026054634/http://www2.census.gov/econ/sbo/07/final/charts/asian_chart3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/econ/sbo/07/final/charts/asian_chart11.pdf |title=Number of Firms by Receipts Size of Firm: 2007 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026054557/http://www2.census.gov/econ/sbo/07/final/charts/asian_chart11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/special-report/transcript/obamas-tax-plan-and-small-businesses |title=Obama's Tax Plan and Small Businesses |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=21 April 2011 |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510083400/http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/special-report/transcript/obamas-tax-plan-and-small-businesses |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://smallbiztrends.com/2010/12/facts-about-small-business-taxpayers.html |title=Facts About Small Business Taxpayers |publisher=Small Business Trends |date=20 December 2010 |access-date=2 December 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020119/http://smallbiztrends.com/2010/12/facts-about-small-business-taxpayers.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2011/08/15/296250/romney-rejects-buffetts-call-to-tax-the-rich-falsely-claims-it-would-hurt-small-businesses/?mobile=nc|title=Romney Rejects Buffett's Call To Tax The Rich, Falsely Claims It Would Hurt Small Businesses|website=Think Progress|date=15 August 2011|access-date=31 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801003336/http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2011/08/15/296250/romney-rejects-buffetts-call-to-tax-the-rich-falsely-claims-it-would-hurt-small-businesses/?mobile=nc|archive-date=1 August 2012}}</ref>