Editing Chicano (section)

=== Music ===
[[Lalo Guerrero]] has been lauded as the "father of Chicano music."<ref>Cordelia Chávez Candelaria, Peter J. Garcâia, Arturo J. Aldama, eds., ''Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture'', Vol. 1: A–L; Greenwood Publishing Group, (2004) p. 135.</ref> Beginning in the 1930s, he wrote songs in the [[big band]] and [[Swing (music)|swing]] genres and expanded into traditional genres of [[Music of Mexico|Mexican music]]. During the [[Farmworkers in the United States|farmworkers' rights campaign]], he wrote music in support of [[César Chávez]] and the [[United Farm Workers]]. Other notable musicians include [[Selena]], who sang a mixture of Mexican, [[Tejano music|Tejano]], and American popular music, and died in 1995 at the age of 23; [[Zack de la Rocha]], [[social activist]] and lead vocalist of [[Rage Against the Machine]]; and [[Los Lonely Boys]], a Texas-style country rock band.

==== Chicano electro ====
[[File:DJ Tranzo.jpg|thumb|left|[[DJ Tranzo]] (2008)|215x215px]]
Chicano [[techno]] and [[electronic music]] artists [[DJ Rolando]], [[Santiago Salazar (musician)|Santiago Salazar]], [[DJ Tranzo]], and [[Esteban Adame]] have released music through independent labels like [[Underground Resistance]], Planet E, Krown Entertainment, and Rush Hour. In the 1990s, [[house music]] artists such as DJ Juanito (Johnny Loopz), Rudy "Rude Dog" Gonzalez, and Juan V. released numerous tracks through Los Angeles–based house labels Groove Daddy Records and Bust A Groove.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bust A Groove|url=https://www.discogs.com/label/13420-Bust-A-Groove|website=Discogs|access-date=2020-11-13|archive-date=2019-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105044418/https://www.discogs.com/label/13420-Bust-A-Groove|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Groove Daddy Records|url=https://www.discogs.com/label/13909-Groove-Daddy-Records|website=Discogs|access-date=2020-11-13|archive-date=2020-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213093038/https://www.discogs.com/label/13909-Groove-Daddy-Records|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[DJ Rolando]]'s [[techno]] track "Knights of the Jaguar," released on the UR label in 1999, became the most well-known Chicano techno track after charting at #43 in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wright-McLeod |first=Brian |title=The Encyclopedia of Native Music: More Than a Century of Recordings from Wax Cylinder to the Internet |publisher=University of Arizona Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780816538645 |page=93}}</ref> [[Mixmag]] commented: "after it was released, it spread like wildfire all over the world. It's one of those rare tracks that feels like it can play for an eternity without anyone batting an eyelash."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Holbrook|first=Cameron|date=29 July 2019|title=The 20 best US rave anthems of the '90s|url=https://mixmag.net/feature/20-best-us-rave-anthems-90s|website=Mixmag|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919025424/https://mixmag.net/feature/20-best-us-rave-anthems-90s|url-status=live}}</ref> It's consistently placed on Best Songs lists.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2013|title=What is the greatest dance track of all time?|url=http://www.mixmag.net/read/what-is-the-greatest-dance-track-of-all-time-features|access-date=26 June 2020|website=[[mixmag]]|archive-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501183234/http://mixmag.net/read/what-is-the-greatest-dance-track-of-all-time-features|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-27 |title=The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-best-songs-of-the-1990s/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927130919/https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-best-songs-of-the-1990s/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The official video for the track features various portraits of Chicana/os in [[Detroit]] among several [[Chicano muralism|Chicano murals]], [[Lowrider|lowrider cars]] and [[lowrider bicycle]]s, and lifestyle.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Making Of DJ Rolando "Jaguar" Video | date=22 October 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVngXIJpD-E |language=en |access-date=2023-01-15 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115030613/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVngXIJpD-E |url-status=live }}</ref>

Salazar and Adame are also affiliated with [[Underground Resistance]] and have collaborated with [[Nomadico]]. Salazar founded music labels Major People, Ican (as in ''Mex-Ican'', with Esteban Adame) and Historia y Violencia (with Juan Mendez a.k.a. [[Silent Servant]]) and released his debut album ''Chicanismo'' in 2015 to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miner|first=Matt|date=3 June 2015|title=Santiago Salazar Makes Techno With a "Chicano Feel"|url=https://www.laweekly.com/santiago-salazar-makes-techno-with-a-chicano-feel/|website=LA Weekly|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628010623/https://www.laweekly.com/santiago-salazar-makes-techno-with-a-chicano-feel/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McDermott|first=Matt|date=28 October 2015|title=Santiago Salazar: High-tech Chicano|url=https://www.residentadvisor.net/features/2596|website=Resident Advisor|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022116/https://www.residentadvisor.net/features/2596|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nomadico's label Yaxteq, founded in 2015, has released tracks by veteran Los Angeles techno producer Xavier De Enciso and [[Hondurans|Honduran]] producer Ritmos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=about|url=https://yaxteq.com/biography/|website=Yaxteq|access-date=2020-11-13|archive-date=2020-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126230702/https://yaxteq.com/biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Chicano folk ====
A growing Tex-Mex polka band trend influenced by the ''{{lang|es|[[conjunto]]}}'' and ''{{lang|es|[[Norteño (music)|norteño]]}}'' music of Mexican immigrants, has in turn influenced much new Chicano [[folk music]], especially on large-market Spanish language radio stations and on television music video programs in the U.S. Some of these artists, like the band [[Quetzal (band)|Quetzal]], are known for the political content of political songs.

==== Chicano rap ====
{{Main|Chicano rap}}
[[File:Kid-Frost.jpg|thumb|232x232px|[[Frost (rapper)|Kid Frost]] (2008)]]
[[Hip hop]] culture, which is cited as having formed in the 1980s street culture of [[African Americans|African American]], [[West Indian]] (especially [[Jamaican Americans|Jamaican]]), and [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]] New York City [[The Bronx|Bronx]] youth and characterized by [[DJing]], [[rap music]], [[Graffiti in New York City|graffiti]], and [[breakdancing]], was adopted by many Chicano youth by the 1980s as its influence moved westward across the United States.<ref name="Tatum-2017">{{Cite book|last=Tatum|first=Charles M.|title=Chicano Popular Culture, Second Edition: Que Hable el Pueblo|publisher=University of Arizona Press|year=2017|isbn=9780816536528|pages=74–75}}</ref> Chicano artists were beginning to develop their own style of hip hop. Rappers such as [[Ice-T]] and [[Eazy-E]] shared their music and commercial insights with Chicano rappers in the late 1980s. Chicano rapper [[Frost (rapper)|Kid Frost]], who is often cited as "the godfather of Chicano rap" was highly influenced by Ice-T and was even cited as his protégé.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tatum|first=Charles M.|title=Lowriders in Chicano Culture: From Low to Slow to Show|url=https://archive.org/details/lowriderschicano00tatu|url-access=limited|publisher=Greenwood|year=2011|isbn=9780313381492|page=[https://archive.org/details/lowriderschicano00tatu/page/n142 128]}}</ref>[[File:Proper Dos Conejo Serio dont hate me because im Mexican.jpg|thumb|232x232px|Frank V. of [[Proper Dos]] & [[Conejo (rapper)|Conejo]] & Serio in 2012]] [[Chicano rap]] is a unique style of [[hip hop music]] which started with Kid Frost, who saw some mainstream exposure in the early 1990s. While [[Mellow Man Ace]] was the first mainstream rapper to use [[Spanglish]], Frost's song "La Raza" paved the way for its use in [[American hip hop]]. Chicano rap tends to discuss themes of importance to young urban Chicanos. Some of the most prominent Chicano artists include [[A.L.T.]], [[Lil Rob]], [[Psycho Realm]], [[Baby Bash]], Serio, [[Proper Dos]], [[Conejo (rapper)|Conejo]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-06 |title=Rapper Conejo extradited from Mexico on murder charges after 14 years on the lam |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/rapper-conejo-extradited-from-mexico-on-murder-charges-after-14-years-on-the-lam |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref> [[A Lighter Shade of Brown]], and [[Funky Aztecs]]. Chicano rap artists with less mainstream exposure, yet with popular underground followings include Cali Life Style, Ese 40'z, Sleepy Loka, Ms. Sancha, Mac Rockelle, Sir Dyno.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alba |first=Alicia Gasper De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbAYDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22cali+life+style%22&pg=PA109 |title=Velvet Barrios: Popular Culture and Chicana/o Sexualities |date=2016|publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137042699 |page=109 |language=en}}</ref>

Chicano [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] artists include [[Paula DeAnda]], [[Amanda Perez]], [[Frankie J]], and Victor Ivan Santos (early member of the [[Kumbia Kings]] and associated with Baby Bash).

==== Chicano jazz ====
Although [[Latin jazz]] is most popularly associated with artists from the Caribbean (particularly Cuba) and Brazil, young Mexican Americans have played a role in its development over the years, going back to the 1930s and early 1940s, the era of the [[zoot suit]], when young Mexican-American musicians in [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], such as [[Jenni Rivera]], began to experiment with ''{{lang|es|[[Banda music|banda]]}}'', a [[jazz]]-like fusion genre that has grown recently in popularity among Mexican Americans

==== Chicano rock ====
{{Main|Chicano rock}}
[[File:New Romantic photo shoot.jpg|thumb|212x212px|[[Alice Bag]], [[Chicano punk|Chicana punk]] artist (1980s)]]
In the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, a wave of Chicano pop music surfaced through innovative musicians [[Carlos Santana]], [[Johnny Rodriguez]], [[Ritchie Valens]] and [[Linda Ronstadt]]. [[Joan Baez]], who is also of Mexican-American descent, included Hispanic themes in some of her protest folk songs. Chicano rock is [[rock and roll|rock music]] performed by Chicano groups or music with themes derived from Chicano culture.

There are two undercurrents in Chicano rock. One is a devotion to the original [[rhythm and blues]] roots of Rock and roll including [[Ritchie Valens]], [[Sunny and the Sunglows]], and [[? and the Mysterians]]. Groups inspired by this include [[Sir Douglas Quintet]], [[Thee Midniters]], [[Los Lobos]], [[War (U.S. band)|War]], [[Tierra (group)|Tierra]], and [[El Chicano]], and, of course, the Chicano Blues Man himself, the late Randy Garribay. The second theme is the openness to Latin American sounds and influences. [[Trini Lopez]], [[Santana (band)|Santana]], [[Malo (band)|Malo]], [[Azteca (band)|Azteca]], Toro, [[Ozomatli]] and other Chicano [[Latin rock]] groups follow this approach. Chicano rock crossed paths of other Latin rock genres ([[Rock en español]]) by [[Cubans]], [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]], such as [[Joe Bataan]] and Ralphi Pagan and South America ([[Nueva canción]]). Rock band [[The Mars Volta]] combines elements of progressive rock with traditional Mexican folk music and Latin rhythms along with [[Cedric Bixler-Zavala]]'s [[Spanglish]] lyrics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harpmagazine.com/articles/detail.cfm?article_id=6393 |title=HARP Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208094500/http://www.harpmagazine.com/articles/detail.cfm?article_id=6393 |archive-date=December 8, 2008 |url-status=usurped |access-date=October 13, 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Chicano Batman - Irving Plaza - Thursday 5th October 2017 ChicanoBIrvingP051017-2 (26233765019).jpg|thumb|212x212px|[[Chicano Batman]] is arguably the most recent popular Latin alternative band.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Garcia|first=Peter J.|title=Decentering the Nation: Music, Mexicanidad, and Globalization|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2019|isbn=9781498573184|page=201}}</ref>]]
[[Chicano punk]] is a branch of Chicano rock. There were many bands that emerged from the [[California punk]] scene, including [[The Zeros (American band)|The Zeros]], [[Bags (Los Angeles band)|Bags]], [[Los Illegals]], [[The Brat (punk band)|The Brat]], [[The Plugz]], [[Manic Hispanic]], and the [[Cruzados]]; as well as others from outside of California including [[Mydolls]] from Houston, Texas and [[Los Crudos]] from Chicago, Illinois. The rock band [[? and the Mysterians]], which was composed primarily of Mexican-American musicians, was the first band to be described as punk rock. The term was reportedly coined in 1971 by rock critic [[Dave Marsh]] in a review of their show for ''[[Creem]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/13/punk.box/index.html|title=The revolution that saved rock|date=November 13, 2003|work=CNN.com|access-date=October 13, 2008|archive-date=October 31, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031202224/http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/13/punk.box/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>